Monday, June 30, 2014
Sunday, June 29, 2014
Latest Aquatic Herbicide News
A lot more weed-consuming carp extra to Lake Murray
Primrose has replaced hydrilla as the largest nuisance and only in minor quantities, said Chris Website page, who oversees state aquatic weed handle. Hydrilla, a non-native weed, was uncovered in the lake in 1993. Anglers seemingly brought it in as fish foods …
Study far more on The State
Field reports: Colville Forest names Tinelle Bustam new Republic ranger
BOATING – The Washington Division of Fish and Wildlife general public-entry web site at Newman Lake will be closed June 3-five to permit therapy of the lake with herbicide to handle Eurasian milfoil and other aquatic invasive weeds. The Newman Lake Flood …
Go through far more on The Spokesman Assessment
LDWF schedules drawdown for Black-Clear Lake beginning July 1
In an endeavor to increase fisheries and control nuisance aquatic vegetation, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries will initiate a drawdown on Black-Obvious Lake in close proximity to Campti commencing on July 1. In accordance to a news release, the drawdown …
Study a lot more on Louisiana Sportsman
Latest Aquatic Herbicide News
Saturday, June 28, 2014
Compare-N-Save Concentrate Grass and Weed Killer, 41-Percent Glyphosate, 32-Ounce
Assess-N-Help save Focus Grass and Weed Killer, 41-P.c Glyphosate, 32-Ounce
- Rainproof in two several hours
- Seen outcomes in as small as two to four times
- Is made up of forty one% glyphosate
- Handles more than 25,000 sq. ft.
- Tends to make up to 21 gal. of ready-to-use spray
Get to the root and get rid of grass and weeds with Evaluate-N-Conserve forty one% Glyphosate Focus Grass and Weed Killer. Use for lawn or yard replacement, on patios, walkways, or in and about fences and gardens to eliminate undesired grass and weeds. The 2.5 gal. container will handle above 630,000 sq. ft. with visible benefits in as tiny as 2 to 4 days. Kills all grass and weeds.
Listing Value: $ fourteen.99
Cost: $ 14.97
Compare-N-Save Concentrate Grass and Weed Killer, 41-Percent Glyphosate, 32-Ounce
Friday, June 27, 2014
Thursday, June 26, 2014
Sonar Genesis Gallon
Sonar Genesis Gallon
- More rapidly acting, Longer long lasting Systemic aquatic herbicide
- Controls the Hardest Aquatic Vegitation including Watermeal
- Gallon covers one/2 acre pond
Sonar Genesis is the latest formulation of the Sonar strains. Sonar Genesis is unique that it has the capacity to be sprayed immediately on leading of the weeds in purchase to get a faster get rid of. One treatment method of Sonar Genesis can provide a season long enhancement to your pond. Sonar Genesis targets weeds at the root supplying you a a lot more prolonged term eliminate. Drinking water treated with Sonar Genesis will do no hurt to human beings, fish, livestock or any other wildlife employing the pond.
Checklist Cost: $ 425.twenty five
Value: $ 425.25
More Fluridone Products
Sonar Genesis Gallon
Wednesday, June 25, 2014
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
Written by Maria Duncan
Composed by Maria Duncan
According to the permit acceptance, issued on May twenty by the Connecticut Office of Power and Environmental Safety, a hundred and seventy gallons of two,four-D and 40 gallons of Diquat ended up accredited for use in Lake Quassapaug in the Tyler"s Cove spot of the lake for the duration of …
Go through far more on HamletHub
Metropolis Council
Right after investigating the numerous chemical handle offered, the personnel identified Diquat would be the greatest manage, since it is the least disruptive to the biology of the Wastewater Treatment method Facility. Many region towns have used Dukes Root Handle …
Go through a lot more on Mexico Ledger
Written by Maria Duncan
More than 48000 visit expo so far this year
Mimosa diplotricha ‘s stem … Nhánh cây Trinh nữ móc, Trinh nữ thân vuông …
Graphic by Vietnam Plants & The United states of america. crops
Vietnamese named : Trinh nữ móc, Trinh nữ thân vuông
English names : Large sensitive plant, Large untrue delicate plant, Creeping delicate plant
Scientist name : Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright.
Synonyms : Mimosa invisa Mart.
Family members : Fabaceae / Mimosoides . Họ Đậu / họ phụ Trinh nữ
Group: Dicot
Length: Perennial
Development Practice: Vine-Shrub
Kingdom: Plantae – Crops
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed crops
Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering vegetation
Course: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass: Rosidae
Buy: Fabales
Genus: Mimosa L. – sensitive plant
Species: Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright – big bogus sensitive plant
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_diplotricha
**** crops.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MIDI8
**** www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm
**** www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=two&taxon_id=two…
three. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle, Anales Acad. Ci. Med. Habana. five: 405. 1868.
巴西含羞草 ba xi han xiu cao
Subshrubs or perennial herbs. Stems scandent or prostrate, to five m, four-angulate, hirsute, with or without prickles alongside angles. Leaves ten-fifteen cm petiole and rachis with four rows of recurved prickles pinnae (three-)7 or 10 pairs, 2-4.5 cm leaflets (eleven-)20-30 pairs for each pinna, linear-rectangular, three-5 × 1-two mm, the two surfaces white villous. Heads 1 or two, axillary, ca. 1 cm in diam. (like filaments) peduncles 5-10 mm. Bouquets bisexual. Calyx inconspicuous, ca. .four mm. Corolla narrowly funnel-formed, ca. 2.5 mm, 4-lobed, outside the house somewhat pubescent. Stamens 8 filaments pale purple-pink. Ovary ca. 1 mm. Legumes in clusters, a bit curved, rectangular, one.5-three.five × .four-.five cm, with or with no prickly bristles. Seeds yellow-brown, ca. three.five mm. 2n = 26*.
Cultivated or naturalized in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, and Yunnan [native to tropical America released throughout the tropics].
This species is planted as a protect crop.
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875046
J Nat Prod. 2011 Sep 2374(9):2001-4. doi: 10.1021/np200307r. Epub 2011 Aug 29.
five-deoxyflavones with cytotoxic exercise from Mimosa diplotricha.
Lin LC, Chiou CT, Cheng JJ.
Supply
National Investigation Institute of Chinese Medication, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. lclin@nricm.edu.tw
Summary
Bioassay-guided isolation of Mimosa diplotricha led to the isolation of 4 new five-deoxyflavones, diplotrins A-C (one-three) and diplotasin (four), jointly with twelve acknowledged flavonoids, flavonolignans, and triterpenoids. On the basis of spectroscopic evidence, compounds 1-4 have been characterised as 2′,5′-dihydroxy-three,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (one), 3′-hydroxy-three,seven,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (2), 2′-hydroxy-7,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone (3), and four-hydroxy-3,ten,11-trimethoxyisochromeno-[4,3-b]-chromen-seven(5H)-a single (4). The cytotoxic consequences of these isolated compounds ended up evaluated from the A549, AGS, HT-29, and PC3 human cancer mobile strains. Compounds 2 and 5″-methoxyhydnocarpin-D (five) confirmed the most strong antiproliferative action.
**** FAO.ORG.
www.fao.org/forestry/13377-1-.pdf
Scientific identify: Mimosa diplotricha C.Wright
Synonym: Mimosa invisa
Widespread identify: Large sensitive plant, creeping
sensitive plant, nila grass.
Local identify: Anathottawadi, padaincha (Kerala,
India), banla saet (Cambodia),
duri semalu (Malaysia), makahiyang lalaki
(Philippines), maiyaraap thao (Thailand),
Cogadrogadro (Fiji).
Taxonomic placement:
Division: Magnoliophyta
Course: Magnoliopsida, Order: Fabales
Distribution: South and South-East Asia, the Pacific Islands, northern Australia, South and Central The united states, the Hawaiian Islands, areas of Africa, Nigeria and France. In
India, it presently takes place all through Kerala condition and in specified elements of the northeast,
particularly the condition of Assam. Its incidence in other states is mysterious and needs to be ascertained. M. diplotricha has not attained weed status in the Americas, Western Asia, East Africa and Europe.
Routine: M. diplotricha is a quick-developing, erect shrub and a scrambling climber, which can kind dense thickets in a limited span of time. It is an annual, even though behaves as a perennial. Leaves are brilliant eco-friendly, feathery, alternate, every leaf with about twenty pairs of tiny leaflets, bipinnate, sessile, reverse, lanceolate, acute, 6 – 12 mm prolonged and 1.five mm extensive, sensitive to disturbance. The stem is four-angled, woody at the decumbent foundation, with re-curved thorns (3 – 6 mm extended), up to three m in height. The inflorescence is a
clustered fluffy ball, about twelve mm throughout, pale pink, takes place on quick stalks (1 cm extended) in leaf joints the corolla is gamopetalous there are 2 times as numerous stamens as petals. The flowering interval is from August to February, but can differ from region to location it flowers through the year in some tropical nations. The pods are clustered, ten – 35 mm lengthy and six mm wide, linear, flat, clothed with small prickles, splitting transversely into one-seeded sections at the groves. The seeds are flat, ovate, spiny, two – two.five mm prolonged and .6 – one.4 mm thick, glossy and light brown. Seed manufacturing is in the variety of 8,000 – twelve,000 for each m2. The fat of 1,000 seeds is close to 6 gm. Seed environment is from September to February.
Roots are profusely branched and with root nodules.
**** ISG.ORG.
www.issg.org/databases/species/ecology.asp?si=997&fr=one…
Taxonomic title: Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle
Synonyms: Mimosa invisa
Frequent names: co gadrogadro (Fiji), huge untrue delicate plant, huge delicate plant (English), grande sensitive (French), la’au fefe palagi (Samoa), la’au fefe tele (Samoa), limemeihr laud (Pohnpei), mechiuaiuu (Palau), nila grass (English), pikika‘a papa‘a (Cook dinner Islands), delicate gèante (French), singbiguin sasa (Saipan), vao fefe palagi (American Samoa and Samoa), wa ngandrongandro levu (Fiji), wa ngandrongandro ni wa ngalelevu (Fiji)
Organism type: vine, climber, shrub
Mimosa diplotricha (also referred to in the literature as Mimosa invisa) is a critical weed all around the Pacific Rim, exactly where it is the subject of many eradication programmes. Early detection and manage is suggested to stop huge infestations from developing.
Description
Mimosa diplotricha is a shrubby or sprawling once-a-year vine which may also behave as a perennial. Its stems are bunching, often scrambling over other vegetation. In addition, they are distinguished by four-angles, each of which consisting a line of sharp, hooked prickles. Leaves are brilliant environmentally friendly, feathery and fern-like and are arranged in an alternating pattern, with every leaf divided into five to seven pairs of segments. Each segment carries about twenty pairs of really modest leaflets which shut up when disturbed or hurt and at night time (DPIF, 2007).
Habitat description
Mimosa diplotricha grows best in tropical areas: high dampness and in very fertile soils. It is identified to thrive beneath complete sunlight situations. M. diplotricha is naturalised in high rainfall locations of coastal north Queensland, Australia (DPIF, 2007).
Standard impacts
Mimosa diplotricha is a key weed of cultivated regions and has the capability to climb over other crops (Schultz 2000). In the Kaziranga National Park in northeast India, the weed forms a thorny mat above the organic vegetation, avoiding animals from accessing and utilising natural vegetation (N. Gureja, pers. comm. 2003). In Australia the weed chokes out cane, other crops and grassland, triggering crop and pasture reduction (DPIF, 2007).
Notes
Mimosa diplotricha is nevertheless typically referred to as Mimosa invisa in the literature.
Geographical assortment
Indigenous Assortment: Mimosa diplotricha is native to Brazil (DPIF, 2007).
Acknowledged introduced range: American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Prepare dinner Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Australia, Taiwan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Xmas Island (Australia), La Réunion (France) and Mauritius.
Physical: Hand management is hard owing to spines. Crops can be slashed before seeding happens. Slashing in pastures and other non-crop scenarios on a typical basis to avoid seeding gives successful handle (DPIF, 2007).
Chemical: Any herbicide that is used must be done so ahead of seeding happens. The weed is not vulnerable to soil fumigants and quick-phrase residual herbicides, (even though it may be briefly managed with atrazine, diuron and hexazinone at normal to large costs). It is susceptible to translocated herbicides including sodium arsenite, two,four-D in addition atrazine, fluroxypyr and probably glyphosate at common costs. In non-grazed infested locations four.five mL Starane two hundred for each litre of water can be employed (DPIF, 2007). A lot more details of herbicide software might be found at DPIF, 2007.
Organic: An introduced sap feeding bug, the psyllid Heteropsylla spinulosa has been released as a biocontrol agent for M. diplotricha in north Queensland, Austalia, in non-crop regions. Releases at Palikir, Pohnpei have also proven efficient. (DPIF, 2007, Waterhouse 1994, in PIER 2008). In Australia it is suggested that pastures and non-crop infestations are assessed for insect abundance in between November-April. (The usefulness of insect handle can be predicted by ample insects prior to flowering commencing in early April). If bugs are present in ample figures, the increasing ideas and leaves are curled and stunted, ensuing in no or nominal flower creation. Slashing or herbicides should be applied if there are not sufficient figures of insects prior to April for efficient handle. In pastures grazing animals have a tendency to management this protein wealthy legume and stop it dominating. Plants stunted by Heteropsylla attack are much less spiny and are conveniently grazed by inventory. An isolated pressure of the stem-spot disease (Corynespora cassiicola) (indigenous to Australia) also seems specific to giant sensitive plant. A single examine famous that the citheroniid moth (Psigida walker) brought on a important extent of defoliation and the subsequent prevention of seeding of M. diplotricha in Brazil (Vitellia et al., 2001). Nonetheless, it was shown that the citheroniid moth lacked the goal specificity essential as it attacked many indigenous bipinnate Acacia species, thus was considered unsuitable for release (Vitellia et al., 2001).
Reproduction
Mimosa diplotricha produces 1000′s of seeds (N. Gureja pers. comm. 2003). Seeds have been recognized to lie dormant for up to fifty many years (DPIF, 2007).
A lot more than 48000 check out expo so considerably this calendar year
The Central 4D Barrel racing brought 375 rivals with approximately 1,a hundred attending, and one,four hundred attended the Gordon Cooper Vo-Tech graduation. Jackson stated there had been 28 whole celebration times. Total occasion days yr to day are 148, he explained, with an …
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Ultimate Summer Guidebook: Parks
The Brooklyn waterfront proceeds to increase with the opening of the Pier four Seaside this time and Pier two, which features 5 acres of bocce ball, handball, swings and a roller rink. Household-friendly events contain the Books Beneath the Bridge … $ 8 …
Read through far more on New York Every day News
DoD Seeks Distance-Measurement, Imaging Tech for Military ISR Missions
The Defense Division is soliciting proposals below its Tiny Company Innovation Research software for establishing a length-measurement imaging technique that can capture 3-D/4-D geospatial data for U.S. Military intelligence and surveillance missions …
Read far more on ExecutiveGov
More than 48000 visit expo so far this year
Monday, June 23, 2014
Diquat Gallon
Diquat Gallon
- Treats 20,000 – forty,000 sq. ft.
- Controls submerged lake weeds like milfoil and hydrilla
- Fantastic for treating modest locations of massive water bodies
- No swimming or fishing restrictions
- Fantastic for docks and swimming areas
Diquat herbicide properly controls a wide selection of submerged weeds these kinds of as milfoil and hydrilla. Suited for managing small regions, this sort of as around a dock or swimming spot. Treats twenty,000 – 40,000 sq. ft.
Value:
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Diquat Gallon
Sunday, June 22, 2014
Saturday, June 21, 2014
Benny & Co. 7.00 Mens Diamond Watch joe rodeo aquamaster techno aqua master swag
Benny & Co. 7.00 Mens Diamond View joe rodeo aquamaster techno aqua grasp swag
Blue and white Benny & Co Diamond Watch
Checklist Value: $ 5,300.00
Price tag: $ 5,300.00
Locate A lot more AquaMaster Products
Benny & Co. 7.00 Mens Diamond Watch joe rodeo aquamaster techno aqua master swag
Friday, June 20, 2014
Water hyacinth - Eichhornia spp.
Some awesome Water Hyacinth pictures:
Water hyacinth – Eichhornia spp.
Graphic by christine laney
h2o hyacinth??!
Image by coloured glass
Water hyacinth - Eichhornia spp.
Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)
Some awesome Drinking water Hyacinth pictures:
Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)
Image by Tim Waters
Foliage of Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae), the h2o-hyacinth in cultivation at the Nationwide Botanic Backyard, Glasnevin, Dublin.
Be aware unique bulges of aerenchyma on the petioles. Water-hyacinth has unfold from its home in the Neotropics to become an exceptionally aggressive tropical weed, choking waterways across tropical Africa and Asia. even though it may possibly have some use as a biomass gasoline and as tilapia fodder.
Mekong-FZ18-1070093
Picture by Rock Portrait Pictures
Drinking water hyacinth is a tough weed to handle, and one of the worst in the planet. The Vietnamese use it to make handicrafts. Wikipedia says it drowns rivers, killing the fish, but that isn’t really stopping him.
Lake Victoria
Impression by Felix Krohn
That eco-friendly stuff is drinking water hyacinth, clogging up a lot of the sea’s surface area. Sure, There is a Lake beneath, even Africa’s greatest lake (by region).
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_victoria
Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)
Thursday, June 19, 2014
Cool Water Hyacinth images
A couple of great Water Hyacinth images I identified:
Automobile ferry, Pirojpur, Bangladesh
Image by jjimm2010
The drinking water hyacinth clogged the complete vessel up following we received on it. A guy jumped off the side on to the crops and the boat pirouetted in the drinking water as he pushed it absent, prior to it floated off down the river and we could keep on.
Mekong-FZ18-1060992
Impression by Rock Portrait Pictures
H2o hyacinth grows like weeds
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Impression by 350.org
a hundred volunteers joined the Local climate Impacts Working day Vietnam in Can Gio Biosphere
Reserve in Ho Chi Minh Town, where they planted trees in the park, did a
beach clean-up, and the trash they gathered had been made into set up
art exhibitions on the beach front to express climate adjust messages. They also
produced a huge dot with local climate adjust pictures from the countrywide photo contest
that 350 Vietnam introduced in April.
But the greatest issue is that 05/05 is only the beginning. In the coming
months, the Connect the Dots Vietnam marketing campaign will continue with planting a
thousand trees together the dykes in the most flooded district in HCMC,
reinforcing the dykes and clearing up water hyacinth on the river branches
to reduce impacts, and constructing local weather leadership capabilities for youthful people.
On each and every of the trees they planted, they hung a dot with diverse messages.
In this photograph, the dot is the Local climate Impacts Working day symbol.
(c) 350.org Vietnam
Cool Water Hyacinth images
BİTEZ'DE DENİZ DİBİ TEMİZLİĞİ YAPILDI
The Eco-friendly Door, Alvor
Image by tinto do verano
Pen, ink and aquapro marker. Feel I am going to adhere with watercolours in future…
BİTEZ"DE DENİZ DİBİ TEMİZLİĞİ YAPILDI
Bodrum Belediyesi yanı sıra Bitez Turistik İşletmeler Derneği (BİDER) ve Aquapro Dalış Merkezi yetkilerinin öncülük ettiği etkinlikte Vertigo adlı dalış teknesi, Bitez Limanı"ndan ayrılarak Çakıllıdere civarına demirledi. Profesyonel dalgıçlar …
Read much more on Medya Faresi
BİTEZ"DE DENİZ DİBİ TEMİZLİĞİ YAPILDI
Wednesday, June 18, 2014
Cool Water Hyacinth images
Some cool Drinking water Hyacinth pictures:
Blooming Lotus
Picture by Chris Hunkeler
A bed of h2o hyacinth blooms driving a lotus vegetation. Mild carefully shimmers off the lotus leaves.
Vegetarian Meal
Image by monojussi
This wild boar was chomping absent the h2o hyacinths just a number of yards from a massive rhino. I am not sure I want to know what the little bird on the still left is planning to do…
Shot in Kaziranga, Assam, India.
Nikon D70, 400 mm, f/five.six, one/400 seconds. Cropped and edited with PSE seven.
Collecting seaweed in Inle Lake
Picture by Egui_
At least I believed it was seaweed. On an individual else’s image I saw it stated it was h2o hyacinths.
Cool Water Hyacinth images
AGRISEL Diquat Water Weed and Landscape Herbicide - Quart
AGRISEL Diquat Drinking water Weed and Landscape Herbicide – Quart
- Diquat Dibromide 37.three%
- For use in Landscaped locations, Commercial, Residential, Public Areas, Aquatic
- Broadleaf and Grassy Weeds, Aquatic Weeds
Similar to Reward Landscape Herbicide, Diquat Water Weed and Landscape Herbicide utilizes the identical lively component to sustain and kill equally weeds and grasses in a effective way without having the further charges. Is has a complete aquatic label and can be utilized for a assortment of grassy, broadleaf, and aquatic weeds in many options that are all labeled, such as greenhouses, nurseries, business areas, residential areas, leisure areas, and other general public locations.
Price tag:
AGRISEL Diquat Water Weed and Landscape Herbicide - Quart
Tuesday, June 17, 2014
Water Hyacinth
Check out these H2o Hyacinth photographs:
Drinking water Hyacinth
Impression by pamusc93
h2o hyacinth
Impression by dasroofless
macro
Water Hyacinth
Compare-N-Save Concentrate Grass and Weed Killer, 41-Percent Glyphosate, 32-Ounce Reviews
Evaluate-N-Help save Focus Grass and Weed Killer, 41-Percent Glyphosate, 32-Ounce
- Rainproof in 2 hrs
- Obvious final results in as tiny as two to 4 days
- Consists of forty one% glyphosate
- Covers above 25,000 sq. ft.
- Makes up to 21 gal. of ready-to-use spray
Get to the root and kill grass and weeds with Assess-N-Help save 41% Glyphosate Focus Grass and Weed Killer. Use for lawn or backyard garden replacement, on patios, walkways, or in and about fences and gardens to take away undesired grass and weeds. The 2.five gal. container will take care of over 630,000 sq. ft. with noticeable benefits in as small as 2 to 4 times. Kills all grass and weeds.
Checklist Value: $ 14.99
Price: $ 14.97
Glyphosate 4 Plus Herbicide - 1 Gallon 41% WEED KILLER Credit Extra
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Compare-N-Save Concentrate Grass and Weed Killer, 41-Percent Glyphosate, 32-Ounce Reviews
Friday, June 13, 2014
Cool Water Hyacinth images
Some great H2o Hyacinth photos:
Fox Level Federated GC, Wisconsin
Graphic by Nationwide Yard Clubs
J.J. Joyce
Fox Stage Federated Yard Club
Milwaukee District Federated Backyard garden Club
Wisconsin Federated Yard Club
Fox Position, WI 53217
Gardens are complete of flowers during the seasons and h2o features like ponds front and back property, a bog and a stream stream managing into the yard pond. There is a indigenous backyard garden in spring white trillium(grandiflorium)to capturing stars(Dodecatheon meadia) along with the extensive array of spring bouquets. Every single month in the summertime shows a new range of bouquets from a range irises, peach, pink and white poppies, purple cone flower(Echinacea purpurea), daisies like shasta daisies (Leucanthemum x superbum) , and a lot more. The ponds are exhibiting aquatic plants like drinking water lilies like Nymphaea ‘Froebeli’ to drinking water hyacinths(Eichornia crassipes). Also, yr spherical you will locate koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var.) and gold fish (Carassius auratus). Ponds have tropical vegetation like white Arum lilies(Zantedeschia aethiopica) to water cannas (Tahalia dealbata). In the drinking water lavatory you can see huge lotus bouquets(Nelumbo nucifera) and Asiatic Water irises(Iris laevigata). Waterfall of pond and stream is managing 12 months spherical and gives for wildlife. Waterfall as it will get colder, water will develop a veil of ice. In the front lawn is an addition grass garden with other perennials. JJ just retains introducing to garden and now finds that is requires a great deal more time to preserve it from time to time, then she at any time imagined leaving much less time for her artwork. JJ is a full time artist or ought to I say a entire time artist an artist and gardener. You can see from her artwork how her garden evokes her paintings. Others artworks can be identified on jjjoyce.com
Fox Position Federated GC, Wisconsin
Impression by National Backyard Golf equipment
J.J. Joyce
Fox Level Federated Garden Club
Milwaukee District Federated Garden Club
Wisconsin Federated Backyard garden Club
Fox Stage, WI 53217
Gardens are complete of flowers during the seasons and drinking water features like ponds entrance and again yard, a lavatory and a stream stream operating into the yard pond. There is a native backyard garden in spring white trillium(grandiflorium)to taking pictures stars(Dodecatheon meadia) alongside with the wide array of spring bouquets. Each and every thirty day period in the summertime displays a new range of flowers from a range irises, peach, red and white poppies, purple cone flower(Echinacea purpurea), daisies like shasta daisies (Leucanthemum x superbum) , and much more. The ponds are displaying aquatic crops like h2o lilies like Nymphaea ‘Froebeli’ to drinking water hyacinths(Eichornia crassipes). Also, year spherical you will locate koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var.) and gold fish (Carassius auratus). Ponds have tropical plants like white Arum lilies(Zantedeschia aethiopica) to h2o cannas (Tahalia dealbata). In the drinking water lavatory you can see large lotus bouquets(Nelumbo nucifera) and Asiatic H2o irises(Iris laevigata). Waterfall of pond and stream is managing year spherical and offers for wildlife. Waterfall as it receives colder, h2o will develop a veil of ice. In the entrance garden is an addition grass garden with other perennials. JJ just keeps including to garden and now finds that is requires a good deal a lot more time to sustain it from season to season, then she at any time imagined leaving considerably less time for her artwork. JJ is a full time artist or need to I say a full time artist an artist and gardener. You can see from her artwork how her backyard garden conjures up her paintings. Other people artworks can be identified on jjjoyce.com
Fox Stage Federated GC, Wisconsin
Graphic by National Garden Golf equipment
J.J. Joyce
Fox Position Federated Garden Club
Milwaukee District Federated Yard Club
Wisconsin Federated Backyard garden Club
Fox Point, WI 53217
Gardens are full of flowers throughout the seasons and water functions like ponds front and back yard, a bog and a stream stream working into the yard pond. There is a native backyard in spring white trillium(grandiflorium)to shooting stars(Dodecatheon meadia) along with the vast array of spring bouquets. Every single month in the summertime displays a new range of flowers from a variety irises, peach, crimson and white poppies, purple cone flower(Echinacea purpurea), daisies like shasta daisies (Leucanthemum x superbum) , and more. The ponds are displaying aquatic crops like h2o lilies like Nymphaea ‘Froebeli’ to water hyacinths(Eichornia crassipes). Also, calendar year spherical you will locate koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var.) and gold fish (Carassius auratus). Ponds have tropical plants like white Arum lilies(Zantedeschia aethiopica) to h2o cannas (Tahalia dealbata). In the h2o lavatory you can see massive lotus flowers(Nelumbo nucifera) and Asiatic Drinking water irises(Iris laevigata). Waterfall of pond and stream is running calendar year spherical and supplies for wildlife. Waterfall as it gets colder, drinking water will create a veil of ice. In the front property is an addition grass backyard with other perennials. JJ just retains introducing to property and now finds that is requires a good deal much more time to keep it from season to time, then she ever thought leaving much less time for her art. JJ is a entire time artist or should I say a complete time artist an artist and gardener. You can see from her artwork how her garden evokes her paintings. Other individuals artworks can be identified on jjjoyce.com
Cool Water Hyacinth images
Latest 2,4-d News
Weeds wont wait for farmers
Application of products containing high charges of two, four-D, such as Attain, Frontline D, dichlorprop, should be delayed be-lead to implementing them prior to tiller initiation can result in produce losses up to twenty five percent. This normally corresponds with the 4 …
Study far more on Western Producer (subscription)
Lane County Region Spray Timetable 6-twelve-fourteen
Seneca Jones Timber Firm, 461-6245, programs to employ the service of Washburn Deal Services, 503-831-1593, to spray about five miles of roadsides in close proximity to Coyote Creek with two,4-D, glyphosate, metsulfuron methyl and/or triclopyr with additives MSO and Syl-Tac.
Go through much more on Eugene Weekly
Julien movie screening will feature Q&A with director
The Julien Dubuque Intercontinental Film Competition will host a screening of the film "Magpie" at seven p.m. Friday, June 20, at the Countrywide Mississippi River Museum and Aquariums 4D theater, at the Port of Dubuque. A reception will be at 6 p.m., and writer …
Study far more on Dubuque Telegraph Herald
Latest 2,4-d News
Thursday, June 12, 2014
water hyacinth
A couple of wonderful Drinking water Hyacinth photographs I discovered:
drinking water hyacinth
Impression by dasroofless
water hyacinth
Hydrilla Treatments To Continue This Summer
Hydrilla Treatments To Continue This Summer time
Besides for some little populations taken out by hand from the southeast corner of the lake, the Hydrilla Activity Drive has utilised two specific herbicides, endothall and fluridone. Hydrilla overwinters in protected underground tubers. These tubers will sprout …
Read through much more on ithaca.com
Hydrilla Treatments To Continue This Summer
Wednesday, June 11, 2014
Water Hyacinths
Some cool H2o Hyacinth images:
Water Hyacinths
Image by arsheffield
these ended up like "ground protect" for the lake
Water Hyacinths
Tuesday, June 10, 2014
Buds and flower of Corchorus olitorius ... Nụ và hoa của cây rau Đay trái dài ...
Check out these Water Hyacinth images:
Buds and flower of Corchorus olitorius … Nụ và hoa của cây rau Äay trái dà i …
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Äay trái dà i.
English names : Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jew’s Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African Sorrel
Scientist name : Corchorus olitorius L.
Synonyms :
Family : Tiliaceae. Há» Äay ( Há» Cò Ke )
Searched from :
**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=news&newsid=1128
Sợi vá» thân cây Ä‘ay có đặc tÃnh hút ẩm mạnh, là nguyên liệu tốt để dệt bao Ä‘ay, vải Ä‘ay, dây Ä‘ay. Dùng hà ng dệt bằng Ä‘ay để đóng gói hà ng hóa, có Æ°u Ä‘iểm phòng ẩm, khô ráo, nếu dùng để Ä‘á»±ng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c, muối, Ä‘Æ°á»ng, xi măng… Ä‘á»u rất thÃch hợp. Còn nhÆ° mái nhà kho, tÆ°á»ng viện bảo tà ng, thÆ° viện được trang trà bằng vải Ä‘ay sẽ có tác dụng phòng ẩm. Vải Ä‘ay cho thêm dầu lanh, chế tạo thà nh vải dầu, là thứ không thể thiếu được trên tà u thuyá»n. Sợi Ä‘ay dá»… nhuá»™m, thÆ°á»ng dùng để dệt vải bạt, thảm trải sà n nhà , đồng thá»i có thể dệt há»—n hợp vá»›i bông, len thà nh vải vóc may mặc. Hạt Ä‘ay chÆ°a 14% dầu, có thể là m dầu dùng trong công nghiệp và y dược. Rá»… Ä‘ay, vụn Ä‘ay có thể dùng là m nguyên liệu sản xuất giấy. Lá Ä‘ay non có thể dùng là m rau ăn. Lá già ngâm trong ruá»™ng nÆ°á»›c vừa có thể là m cho đất tốt hÆ¡n, vừa có thể phòng trừ sâu hại.
**** WIKI TIẾNG VIỆT
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Äay
SỠdụng
[sá»a]Lấy sợi
Xem bà i chÃnh Sợi Ä‘ay
Các loà i trong chi Corchorus thá»a mãn má»™t lượng lá»›n nhu cầu của thế giá»›i vá» sợi. Sợi từ các loà i Ä‘ay là sợi thá»±c váºt phổ biến hà ng thứ hai sau sợi bông.
[sá»a]Thá»±c phẩm
Lá non của má»™t và i loà i Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng là m rau ăn; Ä‘ay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius) được sá» dụng chủ yếu tại miá»n nam châu Ã, Ai Cáºp và Cyprus, Ä‘ay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis) tại Nháºt Bản và Trung Quốc. Chúng có kết cấu nhầy (nhá»›t), tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± nhÆ° ở Ä‘áºu bắp, khi nấu ăn. Hạt được sá» dụng là m hÆ°Æ¡ng liệu, và má»™t loại trà thảo má»™c được sản xuất từ lá Ä‘ay khô. Rau Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng tại Ai Cáºp; má»™t số ngÆ°á»i còn cho rằng nó là món ăn quốc gia trong ẩm thá»±c Ai Cáºp. Nó cÅ©ng là món ăn đặc trÆ°ng trong ẩm thá»±c Lebanon, Palestine, Syria và Jordan. Má»™t món ăn Ä‘iển hình của khu vá»±c nà y là rau Ä‘ay hầm ăn cùng cÆ¡m và thịt gà luá»™c. Tại Việt Nam, rau Ä‘ay chủ yếu dùng nấu canh (vá»›i cua, tôm tép), đôi khi vá»›i mồng tÆ¡i hoặc mÆ°á»›p.
Tháng 9 năm 2007, Sizzler’s, má»™t chuá»—i nhà hà ng Mỹ, bán Molokhiya cookies (bánh bÃch quy ngá»t) vá»›i rau Ä‘ay là thà nh phần đặc trÆ°ng, tại khu vá»±c Shinjuku ở Tokyo, Nháºt Bản.
Lá Ä‘ay già u betacaroten, sắt, canxi, vitamin C. Các loà i Ä‘ay có tÃnh hoạt hóa chống ôxi hóa vá»›i má»™t lượng đáng kể tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
**** TUETINHLIENHOA.COM
tuetinhlienhoa.com.vn/cms/article/duochoc/vanh/1091/
- Cân phân biệt vá»›i cây rau Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius Linn) thuá»™c há» Tiliaceae. Äó là cây thảo cứng, cao Ä‘á»™ 1-2m. Thân mà u Ä‘á» nâu Ãt phân nhánh. Lá hình bầu dục nhá»n, tù hay tròn ở gốc, có gân ở trên các gân mặt dÆ°á»›i lá, sau nhẵn, mép khÃa răng Ä‘á»u đặn, răng nhá»n, hai răng ở gốc lá thÆ°á»ng kéo dà i thà nh hai lông dà i 3-5 gân gốc, lá kèm hình dãi dà i mảnh, cuống lá mảnh. Hoa nhá» mà u và ng má»c ở kẽ lá. Quả nang dà i, hình trụ, có 6 sống dá»c. Hạt hình quả lê. Cây ra hoa quanh năm chủ yếu có hoa và o mùa thu và quả và o mùa đông. Cây được trồng để lấy sợi là m bao tải. Kinh nghiệm dân gian lấy ngá»n non dùng tÆ°Æ¡i hoặc thu hái hạt phÆ¡i khô. Khi dùng để giải nhiệt hoặc lợi sữa hoặc nhuáºn trÆ°á»ng, lấy chừng 100-200gr ngá»n non nấu ăn hà ng ngà y. Còn chữa hen suyá»…n, dùng 10-20gr hạt khô sao và ng sắc uống vá»›i xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p lúc còn nóng ngà y 2 lần.
**** VHO.VN. : THUá»C TRỢ TIM
www.vho.vn/search.php?ID=10560&keyword=Ho
Cây Ä‘ay có hai loà i Ä‘á»u là cây trồng: Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius L.), tên khác là rau Ä‘ay, Ä‘ay tÃa, Ä‘ay tây, Ä‘ay rừng, ngÆ°á»i Tà y gá»i là phjăc slênh, được dùng là m rau ăn và là m thuốc. Äay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis L.), tên khác là đay trắng, Ä‘ay lụa, Ä‘ay ta, ngÆ°á»i Thái gá»i là co dệt, chỉ cho sợi để dệt bao túi.
Lá Ä‘ay quả dà i chứa Ca 498mg%, P 93mg%, Fe 3,8mg%, K 650mg%, acid oxalic 870mg%, vitamin B1 0,24mg%, vitamin B2 0,76mg%, vitamin C 168mg%, vitamin A 7.940 Ä‘Æ¡n vị, vitamin E 141. Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i có nhiá»u glycosid khác nhau, nhÆ°ng chủ yếu là corchorosid và olitorisid.
Vá» mặt thuốc, lá Ä‘ay quả dà i (rau Ä‘ay) 30-50g, nấu canh ăn có tác dụng tăng tiết sữa. Sau khi đẻ, tuần đầu tiên, phụ nữ ăn canh rau Ä‘ay Ä‘á»u đặn trong bữa cÆ¡m hằng ngà y. Những tuần sau, má»—i tuần ăn hai lần. Rau Ä‘ay 100g phối hợp vá»›i rau mồng tÆ¡i 50g, khoai sá» 2 củ, rá»a sạch, thái nhá», nấu ăn trong ngà y là thuốc mát, nhuáºn trà ng chữa táo bón. Dùng 2-3 ngà y. Äá»… chữa rắn cắn, nhân dân thÆ°á»ng dùng ngá»n rau Ä‘ay vá»›i nõn chuối tiêu, dây kim cang, giã nhá», thêm nÆ°á»›c, gạn uống, bã đắp.
Hạt thu hái từ quả đay già , phơi hoặc sấy khô. Khi dùng, để sống hoặc sao qua. Tuệ Tĩnh (Nam dược thần hiệu) đã dùng hạt đay quả dà i thay vị đình lịch vì có tác dụng lợi tiểu mạnh chữa bệnh cổ trướng, phối hợp với các vị thuốc khác trong bà i thuốc sau:
Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, sao; vá» rá»… dâu 24g, tẩm máºt sao; trần bì lâu năm 12g; gừng sống 3 lát. Tất cả thái nhá», sắc vá»›i 400ml nÆ°á»›c còn 100ml, uống là m hai lần trong ngà y.
Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, giã nát, sao; xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p 20g, băm nhá», sao. Hai thứ trá»™n Ä‘á»u, sắc uống là m hai lần trong ngà y, chữa hen suyá»…n. Äể chữa trà n dịch mà ng phổi, lấy hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 8g; ý dÄ© 16g; tỳ giải, má»™c thông, huyá»n sâm, thổ phục linh, bách bá»™, má»—i vị 12g; hạt bìm bìm biếc, rá»… cá» tranh, hạt mã Ä‘á», má»—i vị 8g. Sắc uống ngà y má»™t thang.
Những năm gần đây, các nhà khoa há»c đã nghiên cứu tác dụng dược lý của chất olitorisid và thấy có hoạt tÃnh trợ tim cao, là m tăng sức co cÆ¡ tim và giảm nhịp tim gần giống hoạt tÃnh sinh há»c của strophantin (hoạt chất đặc hiệu vá»›i bệnh tim của cây sừng dê). Olitorisid đã được Ä‘Æ°a và o má»™t há»—n hợp ổn định có tác dụng trên tim và được đặt tên là Daicosid. Từ đó, thuốc được bà o chế dÆ°á»›i dạng viên 1mg và thuốc tiêm 0,33mg dùng để trợ tim vá»›i hiệu quả Ä‘iá»u trị cao.
Theo tà i liệu nước ngoà i, lá đay quả dà i được dùng là m thuốc bổ, an thần, lợi tiểu. Hạt là thuốc tẩy chữa táo bón.
Tác giả: DS. Äá»— Huy BÃch
Nguồn: Báo sức khá»e & Äá»i sống Online ngà y 8/8/2007
_______________________________________________________
**** HORT PURDUE.EDU
www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitori…
Corchorus olitorius L.
Tiliaceae
Nalta jute, Tussa jute
Source: James A. Due. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished
Uses
While perhaps better known as a fiber crop, jute is also a medicinal "vegetable", eaten from Tanganyika to Egypt. Dried leaves were given me by an Egyptian friend who had brought them with him to this country. They are used in soups under the Arabic name "Molukhyia." In India the leaves and tender shoots are eaten. The dried material is there known as "nalita." Injections of olitoriside markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin.
Folk Medicine
Reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussa jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
Chemistry
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 43-58 calories, 80.4-84.1 g H2O, 4.5-5.6 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 7.6-12.4 g total carbohydrate, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4 g ash, 266-366 mg Ca, 97-122 mg P, 7.2-7.7 mg Fe, 12 mg Na, 444 mg K, 6,410-7,850 ug beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15 mg thiamine, 0.26- 0.53 mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2 mg niacin, and 53-80 mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The folic acid content is substantially higher than that of other folacin-rich vegetables, ca 800 micrograins per 100 g (ca 75% moisture) or ca 3200 micrograms on a zero moisture basis (Chen and Saad, 1981). The seeds contain 11.3-14.8% oil (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), reportedly estrogenic (Sharaf et al, 1979), which contains 16.9% palmitic-, 3.7% stearic-, 1.8% behenic-, 1.1% lignoceiic-, 9.1% oleic-, 62.5% linoleic-, and 0.9% linolenic- acids as well as large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn.
Toxicity
Contains HCN and several cardiac glycosides. Negm et al (1980) report the LD50 of tissue extracts to mice. The "lethal dose" of Corchoroside A to cats is 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B 0.059-0.1413, but some authors say that Corchoroside A is twice as active as Corchoroside B.
Description
Annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall; stems glabrous. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicles 1-3, very short. Sepals ca 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Style short; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).
Germplasm
Reported from the African, Hindustani, and China-Japan Centers of Diversity, tussa jute, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate disease, fungi, high pH, laterite, limestone, and salt (Duke, 1978). Several cvs are discussed in the Annual Reports of the Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR, 1973, 1975). (2n = 14, 28)
Distribution
Rather pantropical in distribution, perhaps more often a weed than a cultivar. Considered a serious weed in Australia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, and Thailand, a principal weed in the Sudan, and a common weed in Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Nepal, Turkey, and Zambia (Holm et al, 1979). Systematic attempts have been made to grow jute in West Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, Java, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
Ecology
Ranging from Warm Temperate Thorn through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tussa jute is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.0 to 42.9 dm (mean of 15 cases = 18), annual temperature of 16.8 to 27.5°C (mean of 15 cases = 23.8), and pH of 4.5 to 8.2 (mean of 13 cases = 6.5). (Duke, 1978, 1979)
Cultivation
In India, seeds are sown in (Feb.-) Mar-May (June) in carefully prepared soil, plowed and cross plowed 5 or 6 times, clay soils requiring more plowing. Cow dung and wood ashes are applied as manure. Rotted water hyacinth or its ashes may also be applied. Seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow. When soils are moist, seeds may germinate in 2-3 days. If germination is bad, replowing and resowing is recommended. Starting at 8-25 cm tall, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake 3 to 4 times, and weeded 2 to 3 times. After the final weeding, plants are spaced at 10-15 by 15 cm. Highest yields were obtained (ca 3000 kg/ha) with 80 kg/N compared to 1700 per ha in unfertilized controls.
Harvesting
In India, usually harvested Aug-Sept, when ca 50% of the plants are in pods, but earlier if floods threaten. Plants are cut close to the ground with sickles. Cut plants are tied into bundles, left to dry 2-4 days and shed their leaves. The jute is retted usually in stagnant water. After retting, the bundles are beat on the root end with a mallet to start the fibers which are wrapped around the fingers and the stems are jerked back and forth in the water to separate the fibers.
Yields and Economics
Fiber yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fiber representing ca 6% of the green weight. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped. Rice yielded 5650 kg/ha following the intercropping and, potatoes yielded 13,600 kg/ha following the rice (ICAR, 1973). Seed yields run 200-350 kg/ha, usually lower in C. olitorus than in capsularis.
Energy
Assuming the fiber yields are 6% of green weight, annual green weight productivity ranges from 13 to 42 MT/ha, with genetic potential of 67 MT. Assuming 80% moisture, this translates to 2.6-13.4 MT DM. ICAR (1973) reports DM yields of ca 10 MT near Barrackpore corresponding roughly to an uptake of 75 kg N, 4 5 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O, 115 kg CaO, and 35 kg MgO.
Biotic Factors
Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect 50-90% of a jute population, but spraying with copper oxychloride at 0.5% strength checked the spread, holding it to 5-10% (ICAR, 1973). Thangavel et al (1974) found that this species was badly infested by 3 species of weevils (Myllocerus spp.) while C. capsularis was unaffected. The semilooper Anomis sabulifera may stunt the growth, reducing fiber yields by ca 13-32%. The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus may also reduce yields.
**** SARAHMELAMED
www.sarahmelamed.com/2010/07/the-incredible-journey-of-co…
The Incredible Journey of Corchorus Olitorius
by SARAH on JULY 4, 2010
Deep in tropical Africa families ate a nutritious and filling stew from a plant known today as ewedu. Little would they know that this would be the last connection with their homeland before slave traders shipped them away as prized commodities. The slaves carried with them the tiny seeds of Corchorus Olitorius, a plant that sustained them for centuries and would continue to do so in their Diaspora. Along the human chattel lines this modest flower flourished, perhaps symbolizing how African societies could have thrived if they were left alone. The depredation of Africa continued across the continent as the slave trade broadened its ugly hold. Indigenous societies were being destroyed before they had a chance to fully develop and for many this plant was the last vestige of a culture which would all but disappear.
From the Jungles of Africa to Egypt’s National Dish
Mloukhia as it is known in Egypt has grown there for so long it has become a quintessential Egyptian green. What started as a plant introduced by slaves became the preferred food of the highest echelons of society and it is said even the Pharaoh himself. As the pendulum swings, in modern times it is again the simple food of peasant farmers and is considered by many Egypt’s national dish.
Interestingly, during the reign of the mad Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Mloukhia became illegal along with a long list of other prohibitions. It was treated much like cocaine or marihuana and anyone caught with this contraband would be harshly punished. This is ironic considering how nutritious Mloukhia is, high in vitamin C and B, beta-carotene, magnesium and iron. It is also beneficial in controlling symptoms of diabetes and high cholesterol.
From Africa and Beyond
With trade, migration and exploration Mloukhia found its way across the globe and became an important agricultural product in India and adjacent countries. Unlike Egypt it was not grown as an edible plant but to produce burlap, a fabric made from jute fibers of C. Olitorius. It adapted incredibly well to the hot climate of Asia and became an important economic crop. Since the introduction of nylon and polypropylene, burlap lost a large share of the market. However, renewed interest in biodegradable fibers for such uses as erosion control has once again increased international sales of this product.
Mloukhia and the Western Palate
It is considered a much loved dish in many parts of the world including the Levant, Philippines and even Japan, where they use it for medicinal tea. Jews of Sephardic heritage are also very fond of mloukhia as the name Jew’s mallow indicates. In the United States, and other western nations, mlouhkia is unknown except within certain communities.
It’s mucilaginous texture, highly prized by some, is often disliked by those who have never encountered it before. It is described in terms that are not common in cookery books and better fitted to the medical lexicon.
Coming from the United States, I tasted Mloukhia for the first time several years ago and it did not disappoint. It was more viscous than I ever thought possible in a vegetable. Research has indicated that the plant component producing the texture may have uses as a food additive much the same way guar gum is used today.
Mloukhia is an important local crop in Africa, the Middle East and a few Asian countries and should not be replaced by introduced species. It continues to be grown or harvested in many areas of Africa where it is easily grown without the need for intensive agricultural intervention. Its high nutritional profile and ease of growth makes it an ideal plant to grow in its indigenous area or climates compatible to it. Sustainable agriculture is based on using local plants for preserving not only the ecology but the culture tied with it.
In addition, there are areas where this plant grows abundantly in the wild but neglected as an edible crop. In these cases, education may help to increase food sources with a minimum of effort and finance.
Mloukhia is an acquired taste which I have not yet achieved. The traditional way of preparing it is as a soup or cooked together with lamb. Here is another way inspired by Cafe Liz’s sweet potato and mloukhia ravioli. I used egg pasta consisting of 3 cups duram bread flour and 2 cups fine semolina flour. The filling consisted of a mixture of cooked mloukhia that had been squeezed dried of moisture mixed with feta and kashkaval cheese. I made a simple olive oil sauce with garlic, chili pepper and crushed coriander. The result did not mask the texture of the mloukhia. As I am extremely impatient with picky eaters who are reluctant to try new things, it annoys me to no end that I have not been able to overcome the mloukhia hurdle.
*** PFAF.ORG
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus%20olitorius
ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 3.5 m (11ft 6in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone 10. It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.It requires moist soil.
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed.
Leaves – raw or cooked[1, 27, 46, 61]. Young leaves are added to salads whilst older leaves are cooked as a pot-herb[2, 183, 269]. High in protein[183]. The dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups[183]. A tea is made from the dried leaves[183]. Immature fruits are added to salads or used as a potherb[183].
Demulcent; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Tonic.
The leaves are demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic[240]. They are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria[240]. A cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength[269]. The seeds are purgative[240]. Injections of olitoriside, an extract from the plant, markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin[269].
Other Uses
Fibre; Wood.
A fibre is obtained from the stems, it is the main source of jute[46, 61, 200] but is considered to be inferior to the fibre obtained from C. capsularis[61]. The fibre is somewhat coarse and is used mainly for sackcloth etc[57]. The stems are harvested when the plant is in flower and are then retted (allowed to begin to rot) so that the fibre can be extracted[171]. This species tends to branch making fibre extraction more difficult[114]. Growing the plants very close together will prevent some of the branching. If used in making paper, the fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then ball milled for 4½ hours. The paper is grey/buff[189]. Fibre yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fibre representing ca 6% of the green weight[269]. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped[269]. The very light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches[158].
Cultivation details
Prefers a very fertile soil and a hot humid climate[169]. Tolerates very wet conditions according to one report[57] whilst another says that it does not tolerate waterlogged soils[169]. Jute is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation between 40 and 429m,an annual average temperature range of 16.8 to 27.5°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269]. Jute is sometimes cultivated for the fibre in its stem and also for its edible leaves[183]. It makes an excellent spinach substitute in areas with hot summers[183]. This species is not hardy in Britain but it can be grown as a half-hardy annual here, though it grows much better in areas that are warmer than typical summers in this country[27]. Some reports say that this plant is an annual whilst one says that it is perennial. Since the plant is not hardy in Britain we can only grow it as an annual. This species is very closely related to C. capsularis
Propagation
Seed – sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in late spring, after the last expected frosts[200]. In areas with hot summers it should be possible to sow the seed in situ in mid spring.
**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINE PLANTS
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Buds, flower and fruit of Corchorus olitorius …Hoa, nụ và trái của cây rau Äay trái dà i ….
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Äay trái dà i.
English names : Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jew’s Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African Sorrel
Scientist name : Corchorus olitorius L.
Synonyms :
Family : Tiliaceae. Há» Äay ( Há» Cò Ke )
Searched from :
**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
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Sợi vá» thân cây Ä‘ay có đặc tÃnh hút ẩm mạnh, là nguyên liệu tốt để dệt bao Ä‘ay, vải Ä‘ay, dây Ä‘ay. Dùng hà ng dệt bằng Ä‘ay để đóng gói hà ng hóa, có Æ°u Ä‘iểm phòng ẩm, khô ráo, nếu dùng để Ä‘á»±ng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c, muối, Ä‘Æ°á»ng, xi măng… Ä‘á»u rất thÃch hợp. Còn nhÆ° mái nhà kho, tÆ°á»ng viện bảo tà ng, thÆ° viện được trang trà bằng vải Ä‘ay sẽ có tác dụng phòng ẩm. Vải Ä‘ay cho thêm dầu lanh, chế tạo thà nh vải dầu, là thứ không thể thiếu được trên tà u thuyá»n. Sợi Ä‘ay dá»… nhuá»™m, thÆ°á»ng dùng để dệt vải bạt, thảm trải sà n nhà , đồng thá»i có thể dệt há»—n hợp vá»›i bông, len thà nh vải vóc may mặc. Hạt Ä‘ay chÆ°a 14% dầu, có thể là m dầu dùng trong công nghiệp và y dược. Rá»… Ä‘ay, vụn Ä‘ay có thể dùng là m nguyên liệu sản xuất giấy. Lá Ä‘ay non có thể dùng là m rau ăn. Lá già ngâm trong ruá»™ng nÆ°á»›c vừa có thể là m cho đất tốt hÆ¡n, vừa có thể phòng trừ sâu hại.
**** WIKI TIẾNG VIỆT
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Äay
SỠdụng
[sá»a]Lấy sợi
Xem bà i chÃnh Sợi Ä‘ay
Các loà i trong chi Corchorus thá»a mãn má»™t lượng lá»›n nhu cầu của thế giá»›i vá» sợi. Sợi từ các loà i Ä‘ay là sợi thá»±c váºt phổ biến hà ng thứ hai sau sợi bông.
[sá»a]Thá»±c phẩm
Lá non của má»™t và i loà i Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng là m rau ăn; Ä‘ay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius) được sá» dụng chủ yếu tại miá»n nam châu Ã, Ai Cáºp và Cyprus, Ä‘ay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis) tại Nháºt Bản và Trung Quốc. Chúng có kết cấu nhầy (nhá»›t), tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± nhÆ° ở Ä‘áºu bắp, khi nấu ăn. Hạt được sá» dụng là m hÆ°Æ¡ng liệu, và má»™t loại trà thảo má»™c được sản xuất từ lá Ä‘ay khô. Rau Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng tại Ai Cáºp; má»™t số ngÆ°á»i còn cho rằng nó là món ăn quốc gia trong ẩm thá»±c Ai Cáºp. Nó cÅ©ng là món ăn đặc trÆ°ng trong ẩm thá»±c Lebanon, Palestine, Syria và Jordan. Má»™t món ăn Ä‘iển hình của khu vá»±c nà y là rau Ä‘ay hầm ăn cùng cÆ¡m và thịt gà luá»™c. Tại Việt Nam, rau Ä‘ay chủ yếu dùng nấu canh (vá»›i cua, tôm tép), đôi khi vá»›i mồng tÆ¡i hoặc mÆ°á»›p.
Tháng 9 năm 2007, Sizzler’s, má»™t chuá»—i nhà hà ng Mỹ, bán Molokhiya cookies (bánh bÃch quy ngá»t) vá»›i rau Ä‘ay là thà nh phần đặc trÆ°ng, tại khu vá»±c Shinjuku ở Tokyo, Nháºt Bản.
Lá Ä‘ay già u betacaroten, sắt, canxi, vitamin C. Các loà i Ä‘ay có tÃnh hoạt hóa chống ôxi hóa vá»›i má»™t lượng đáng kể tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
**** TUETINHLIENHOA.COM
tuetinhlienhoa.com.vn/cms/article/duochoc/vanh/1091/
- Cân phân biệt vá»›i cây rau Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius Linn) thuá»™c há» Tiliaceae. Äó là cây thảo cứng, cao Ä‘á»™ 1-2m. Thân mà u Ä‘á» nâu Ãt phân nhánh. Lá hình bầu dục nhá»n, tù hay tròn ở gốc, có gân ở trên các gân mặt dÆ°á»›i lá, sau nhẵn, mép khÃa răng Ä‘á»u đặn, răng nhá»n, hai răng ở gốc lá thÆ°á»ng kéo dà i thà nh hai lông dà i 3-5 gân gốc, lá kèm hình dãi dà i mảnh, cuống lá mảnh. Hoa nhá» mà u và ng má»c ở kẽ lá. Quả nang dà i, hình trụ, có 6 sống dá»c. Hạt hình quả lê. Cây ra hoa quanh năm chủ yếu có hoa và o mùa thu và quả và o mùa đông. Cây được trồng để lấy sợi là m bao tải. Kinh nghiệm dân gian lấy ngá»n non dùng tÆ°Æ¡i hoặc thu hái hạt phÆ¡i khô. Khi dùng để giải nhiệt hoặc lợi sữa hoặc nhuáºn trÆ°á»ng, lấy chừng 100-200gr ngá»n non nấu ăn hà ng ngà y. Còn chữa hen suyá»…n, dùng 10-20gr hạt khô sao và ng sắc uống vá»›i xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p lúc còn nóng ngà y 2 lần.
**** VHO.VN. : THUá»C TRỢ TIM
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Cây Ä‘ay có hai loà i Ä‘á»u là cây trồng: Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius L.), tên khác là rau Ä‘ay, Ä‘ay tÃa, Ä‘ay tây, Ä‘ay rừng, ngÆ°á»i Tà y gá»i là phjăc slênh, được dùng là m rau ăn và là m thuốc. Äay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis L.), tên khác là đay trắng, Ä‘ay lụa, Ä‘ay ta, ngÆ°á»i Thái gá»i là co dệt, chỉ cho sợi để dệt bao túi.
Lá Ä‘ay quả dà i chứa Ca 498mg%, P 93mg%, Fe 3,8mg%, K 650mg%, acid oxalic 870mg%, vitamin B1 0,24mg%, vitamin B2 0,76mg%, vitamin C 168mg%, vitamin A 7.940 Ä‘Æ¡n vị, vitamin E 141. Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i có nhiá»u glycosid khác nhau, nhÆ°ng chủ yếu là corchorosid và olitorisid.
Vá» mặt thuốc, lá Ä‘ay quả dà i (rau Ä‘ay) 30-50g, nấu canh ăn có tác dụng tăng tiết sữa. Sau khi đẻ, tuần đầu tiên, phụ nữ ăn canh rau Ä‘ay Ä‘á»u đặn trong bữa cÆ¡m hằng ngà y. Những tuần sau, má»—i tuần ăn hai lần. Rau Ä‘ay 100g phối hợp vá»›i rau mồng tÆ¡i 50g, khoai sá» 2 củ, rá»a sạch, thái nhá», nấu ăn trong ngà y là thuốc mát, nhuáºn trà ng chữa táo bón. Dùng 2-3 ngà y. Äá»… chữa rắn cắn, nhân dân thÆ°á»ng dùng ngá»n rau Ä‘ay vá»›i nõn chuối tiêu, dây kim cang, giã nhá», thêm nÆ°á»›c, gạn uống, bã đắp.
Hạt thu hái từ quả đay già , phơi hoặc sấy khô. Khi dùng, để sống hoặc sao qua. Tuệ Tĩnh (Nam dược thần hiệu) đã dùng hạt đay quả dà i thay vị đình lịch vì có tác dụng lợi tiểu mạnh chữa bệnh cổ trướng, phối hợp với các vị thuốc khác trong bà i thuốc sau:
Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, sao; vá» rá»… dâu 24g, tẩm máºt sao; trần bì lâu năm 12g; gừng sống 3 lát. Tất cả thái nhá», sắc vá»›i 400ml nÆ°á»›c còn 100ml, uống là m hai lần trong ngà y.
Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, giã nát, sao; xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p 20g, băm nhá», sao. Hai thứ trá»™n Ä‘á»u, sắc uống là m hai lần trong ngà y, chữa hen suyá»…n. Äể chữa trà n dịch mà ng phổi, lấy hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 8g; ý dÄ© 16g; tỳ giải, má»™c thông, huyá»n sâm, thổ phục linh, bách bá»™, má»—i vị 12g; hạt bìm bìm biếc, rá»… cá» tranh, hạt mã Ä‘á», má»—i vị 8g. Sắc uống ngà y má»™t thang.
Những năm gần đây, các nhà khoa há»c đã nghiên cứu tác dụng dược lý của chất olitorisid và thấy có hoạt tÃnh trợ tim cao, là m tăng sức co cÆ¡ tim và giảm nhịp tim gần giống hoạt tÃnh sinh há»c của strophantin (hoạt chất đặc hiệu vá»›i bệnh tim của cây sừng dê). Olitorisid đã được Ä‘Æ°a và o má»™t há»—n hợp ổn định có tác dụng trên tim và được đặt tên là Daicosid. Từ đó, thuốc được bà o chế dÆ°á»›i dạng viên 1mg và thuốc tiêm 0,33mg dùng để trợ tim vá»›i hiệu quả Ä‘iá»u trị cao.
Theo tà i liệu nước ngoà i, lá đay quả dà i được dùng là m thuốc bổ, an thần, lợi tiểu. Hạt là thuốc tẩy chữa táo bón.
Tác giả: DS. Äá»— Huy BÃch
Nguồn: Báo sức khá»e & Äá»i sống Online ngà y 8/8/2007
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**** HORT PURDUE.EDU
www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitori…
Corchorus olitorius L.
Tiliaceae
Nalta jute, Tussa jute
Source: James A. Due. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished
Uses
While perhaps better known as a fiber crop, jute is also a medicinal "vegetable", eaten from Tanganyika to Egypt. Dried leaves were given me by an Egyptian friend who had brought them with him to this country. They are used in soups under the Arabic name "Molukhyia." In India the leaves and tender shoots are eaten. The dried material is there known as "nalita." Injections of olitoriside markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin.
Folk Medicine
Reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussa jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
Chemistry
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 43-58 calories, 80.4-84.1 g H2O, 4.5-5.6 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 7.6-12.4 g total carbohydrate, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4 g ash, 266-366 mg Ca, 97-122 mg P, 7.2-7.7 mg Fe, 12 mg Na, 444 mg K, 6,410-7,850 ug beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15 mg thiamine, 0.26- 0.53 mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2 mg niacin, and 53-80 mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The folic acid content is substantially higher than that of other folacin-rich vegetables, ca 800 micrograins per 100 g (ca 75% moisture) or ca 3200 micrograms on a zero moisture basis (Chen and Saad, 1981). The seeds contain 11.3-14.8% oil (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), reportedly estrogenic (Sharaf et al, 1979), which contains 16.9% palmitic-, 3.7% stearic-, 1.8% behenic-, 1.1% lignoceiic-, 9.1% oleic-, 62.5% linoleic-, and 0.9% linolenic- acids as well as large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn.
Toxicity
Contains HCN and several cardiac glycosides. Negm et al (1980) report the LD50 of tissue extracts to mice. The "lethal dose" of Corchoroside A to cats is 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B 0.059-0.1413, but some authors say that Corchoroside A is twice as active as Corchoroside B.
Description
Annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall; stems glabrous. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicles 1-3, very short. Sepals ca 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Style short; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).
Germplasm
Reported from the African, Hindustani, and China-Japan Centers of Diversity, tussa jute, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate disease, fungi, high pH, laterite, limestone, and salt (Duke, 1978). Several cvs are discussed in the Annual Reports of the Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR, 1973, 1975). (2n = 14, 28)
Distribution
Rather pantropical in distribution, perhaps more often a weed than a cultivar. Considered a serious weed in Australia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, and Thailand, a principal weed in the Sudan, and a common weed in Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Nepal, Turkey, and Zambia (Holm et al, 1979). Systematic attempts have been made to grow jute in West Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, Java, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
Ecology
Ranging from Warm Temperate Thorn through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tussa jute is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.0 to 42.9 dm (mean of 15 cases = 18), annual temperature of 16.8 to 27.5°C (mean of 15 cases = 23.8), and pH of 4.5 to 8.2 (mean of 13 cases = 6.5). (Duke, 1978, 1979)
Cultivation
In India, seeds are sown in (Feb.-) Mar-May (June) in carefully prepared soil, plowed and cross plowed 5 or 6 times, clay soils requiring more plowing. Cow dung and wood ashes are applied as manure. Rotted water hyacinth or its ashes may also be applied. Seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow. When soils are moist, seeds may germinate in 2-3 days. If germination is bad, replowing and resowing is recommended. Starting at 8-25 cm tall, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake 3 to 4 times, and weeded 2 to 3 times. After the final weeding, plants are spaced at 10-15 by 15 cm. Highest yields were obtained (ca 3000 kg/ha) with 80 kg/N compared to 1700 per ha in unfertilized controls.
Harvesting
In India, usually harvested Aug-Sept, when ca 50% of the plants are in pods, but earlier if floods threaten. Plants are cut close to the ground with sickles. Cut plants are tied into bundles, left to dry 2-4 days and shed their leaves. The jute is retted usually in stagnant water. After retting, the bundles are beat on the root end with a mallet to start the fibers which are wrapped around the fingers and the stems are jerked back and forth in the water to separate the fibers.
Yields and Economics
Fiber yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fiber representing ca 6% of the green weight. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped. Rice yielded 5650 kg/ha following the intercropping and, potatoes yielded 13,600 kg/ha following the rice (ICAR, 1973). Seed yields run 200-350 kg/ha, usually lower in C. olitorus than in capsularis.
Energy
Assuming the fiber yields are 6% of green weight, annual green weight productivity ranges from 13 to 42 MT/ha, with genetic potential of 67 MT. Assuming 80% moisture, this translates to 2.6-13.4 MT DM. ICAR (1973) reports DM yields of ca 10 MT near Barrackpore corresponding roughly to an uptake of 75 kg N, 4 5 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O, 115 kg CaO, and 35 kg MgO.
Biotic Factors
Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect 50-90% of a jute population, but spraying with copper oxychloride at 0.5% strength checked the spread, holding it to 5-10% (ICAR, 1973). Thangavel et al (1974) found that this species was badly infested by 3 species of weevils (Myllocerus spp.) while C. capsularis was unaffected. The semilooper Anomis sabulifera may stunt the growth, reducing fiber yields by ca 13-32%. The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus may also reduce yields.
**** SARAHMELAMED
www.sarahmelamed.com/2010/07/the-incredible-journey-of-co…
The Incredible Journey of Corchorus Olitorius
by SARAH on JULY 4, 2010
Deep in tropical Africa families ate a nutritious and filling stew from a plant known today as ewedu. Little would they know that this would be the last connection with their homeland before slave traders shipped them away as prized commodities. The slaves carried with them the tiny seeds of Corchorus Olitorius, a plant that sustained them for centuries and would continue to do so in their Diaspora. Along the human chattel lines this modest flower flourished, perhaps symbolizing how African societies could have thrived if they were left alone. The depredation of Africa continued across the continent as the slave trade broadened its ugly hold. Indigenous societies were being destroyed before they had a chance to fully develop and for many this plant was the last vestige of a culture which would all but disappear.
From the Jungles of Africa to Egypt’s National Dish
Mloukhia as it is known in Egypt has grown there for so long it has become a quintessential Egyptian green. What started as a plant introduced by slaves became the preferred food of the highest echelons of society and it is said even the Pharaoh himself. As the pendulum swings, in modern times it is again the simple food of peasant farmers and is considered by many Egypt’s national dish.
Interestingly, during the reign of the mad Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Mloukhia became illegal along with a long list of other prohibitions. It was treated much like cocaine or marihuana and anyone caught with this contraband would be harshly punished. This is ironic considering how nutritious Mloukhia is, high in vitamin C and B, beta-carotene, magnesium and iron. It is also beneficial in controlling symptoms of diabetes and high cholesterol.
From Africa and Beyond
With trade, migration and exploration Mloukhia found its way across the globe and became an important agricultural product in India and adjacent countries. Unlike Egypt it was not grown as an edible plant but to produce burlap, a fabric made from jute fibers of C. Olitorius. It adapted incredibly well to the hot climate of Asia and became an important economic crop. Since the introduction of nylon and polypropylene, burlap lost a large share of the market. However, renewed interest in biodegradable fibers for such uses as erosion control has once again increased international sales of this product.
Mloukhia and the Western Palate
It is considered a much loved dish in many parts of the world including the Levant, Philippines and even Japan, where they use it for medicinal tea. Jews of Sephardic heritage are also very fond of mloukhia as the name Jew’s mallow indicates. In the United States, and other western nations, mlouhkia is unknown except within certain communities.
It’s mucilaginous texture, highly prized by some, is often disliked by those who have never encountered it before. It is described in terms that are not common in cookery books and better fitted to the medical lexicon.
Coming from the United States, I tasted Mloukhia for the first time several years ago and it did not disappoint. It was more viscous than I ever thought possible in a vegetable. Research has indicated that the plant component producing the texture may have uses as a food additive much the same way guar gum is used today.
Mloukhia is an important local crop in Africa, the Middle East and a few Asian countries and should not be replaced by introduced species. It continues to be grown or harvested in many areas of Africa where it is easily grown without the need for intensive agricultural intervention. Its high nutritional profile and ease of growth makes it an ideal plant to grow in its indigenous area or climates compatible to it. Sustainable agriculture is based on using local plants for preserving not only the ecology but the culture tied with it.
In addition, there are areas where this plant grows abundantly in the wild but neglected as an edible crop. In these cases, education may help to increase food sources with a minimum of effort and finance.
Mloukhia is an acquired taste which I have not yet achieved. The traditional way of preparing it is as a soup or cooked together with lamb. Here is another way inspired by Cafe Liz’s sweet potato and mloukhia ravioli. I used egg pasta consisting of 3 cups duram bread flour and 2 cups fine semolina flour. The filling consisted of a mixture of cooked mloukhia that had been squeezed dried of moisture mixed with feta and kashkaval cheese. I made a simple olive oil sauce with garlic, chili pepper and crushed coriander. The result did not mask the texture of the mloukhia. As I am extremely impatient with picky eaters who are reluctant to try new things, it annoys me to no end that I have not been able to overcome the mloukhia hurdle.
*** PFAF.ORG
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus%20olitorius
ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 3.5 m (11ft 6in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone 10. It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.It requires moist soil.
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed.
Leaves – raw or cooked[1, 27, 46, 61]. Young leaves are added to salads whilst older leaves are cooked as a pot-herb[2, 183, 269]. High in protein[183]. The dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups[183]. A tea is made from the dried leaves[183]. Immature fruits are added to salads or used as a potherb[183].
Demulcent; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Tonic.
The leaves are demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic[240]. They are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria[240]. A cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength[269]. The seeds are purgative[240]. Injections of olitoriside, an extract from the plant, markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin[269].
Other Uses
Fibre; Wood.
A fibre is obtained from the stems, it is the main source of jute[46, 61, 200] but is considered to be inferior to the fibre obtained from C. capsularis[61]. The fibre is somewhat coarse and is used mainly for sackcloth etc[57]. The stems are harvested when the plant is in flower and are then retted (allowed to begin to rot) so that the fibre can be extracted[171]. This species tends to branch making fibre extraction more difficult[114]. Growing the plants very close together will prevent some of the branching. If used in making paper, the fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then ball milled for 4½ hours. The paper is grey/buff[189]. Fibre yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fibre representing ca 6% of the green weight[269]. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped[269]. The very light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches[158].
Cultivation details
Prefers a very fertile soil and a hot humid climate[169]. Tolerates very wet conditions according to one report[57] whilst another says that it does not tolerate waterlogged soils[169]. Jute is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation between 40 and 429m,an annual average temperature range of 16.8 to 27.5°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269]. Jute is sometimes cultivated for the fibre in its stem and also for its edible leaves[183]. It makes an excellent spinach substitute in areas with hot summers[183]. This species is not hardy in Britain but it can be grown as a half-hardy annual here, though it grows much better in areas that are warmer than typical summers in this country[27]. Some reports say that this plant is an annual whilst one says that it is perennial. Since the plant is not hardy in Britain we can only grow it as an annual. This species is very closely related to C. capsularis
Propagation
Seed – sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in late spring, after the last expected frosts[200]. In areas with hot summers it should be possible to sow the seed in situ in mid spring.
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Leaves and seedpods of Corchorus olitorius …Trái và lá của cây rau Äay trái dà i …
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Äay trái dà i.
English names : Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jew’s Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African Sorrel
Scientist name : Corchorus olitorius L.
Synonyms :
Family : Tiliaceae. Há» Äay ( Há» Cò Ke )
Searched from :
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Sợi vá» thân cây Ä‘ay có đặc tÃnh hút ẩm mạnh, là nguyên liệu tốt để dệt bao Ä‘ay, vải Ä‘ay, dây Ä‘ay. Dùng hà ng dệt bằng Ä‘ay để đóng gói hà ng hóa, có Æ°u Ä‘iểm phòng ẩm, khô ráo, nếu dùng để Ä‘á»±ng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c, muối, Ä‘Æ°á»ng, xi măng… Ä‘á»u rất thÃch hợp. Còn nhÆ° mái nhà kho, tÆ°á»ng viện bảo tà ng, thÆ° viện được trang trà bằng vải Ä‘ay sẽ có tác dụng phòng ẩm. Vải Ä‘ay cho thêm dầu lanh, chế tạo thà nh vải dầu, là thứ không thể thiếu được trên tà u thuyá»n. Sợi Ä‘ay dá»… nhuá»™m, thÆ°á»ng dùng để dệt vải bạt, thảm trải sà n nhà , đồng thá»i có thể dệt há»—n hợp vá»›i bông, len thà nh vải vóc may mặc. Hạt Ä‘ay chÆ°a 14% dầu, có thể là m dầu dùng trong công nghiệp và y dược. Rá»… Ä‘ay, vụn Ä‘ay có thể dùng là m nguyên liệu sản xuất giấy. Lá Ä‘ay non có thể dùng là m rau ăn. Lá già ngâm trong ruá»™ng nÆ°á»›c vừa có thể là m cho đất tốt hÆ¡n, vừa có thể phòng trừ sâu hại.
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SỠdụng
[sá»a]Lấy sợi
Xem bà i chÃnh Sợi Ä‘ay
Các loà i trong chi Corchorus thá»a mãn má»™t lượng lá»›n nhu cầu của thế giá»›i vá» sợi. Sợi từ các loà i Ä‘ay là sợi thá»±c váºt phổ biến hà ng thứ hai sau sợi bông.
[sá»a]Thá»±c phẩm
Lá non của má»™t và i loà i Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng là m rau ăn; Ä‘ay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius) được sá» dụng chủ yếu tại miá»n nam châu Ã, Ai Cáºp và Cyprus, Ä‘ay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis) tại Nháºt Bản và Trung Quốc. Chúng có kết cấu nhầy (nhá»›t), tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± nhÆ° ở Ä‘áºu bắp, khi nấu ăn. Hạt được sá» dụng là m hÆ°Æ¡ng liệu, và má»™t loại trà thảo má»™c được sản xuất từ lá Ä‘ay khô. Rau Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng tại Ai Cáºp; má»™t số ngÆ°á»i còn cho rằng nó là món ăn quốc gia trong ẩm thá»±c Ai Cáºp. Nó cÅ©ng là món ăn đặc trÆ°ng trong ẩm thá»±c Lebanon, Palestine, Syria và Jordan. Má»™t món ăn Ä‘iển hình của khu vá»±c nà y là rau Ä‘ay hầm ăn cùng cÆ¡m và thịt gà luá»™c. Tại Việt Nam, rau Ä‘ay chủ yếu dùng nấu canh (vá»›i cua, tôm tép), đôi khi vá»›i mồng tÆ¡i hoặc mÆ°á»›p.
Tháng 9 năm 2007, Sizzler’s, má»™t chuá»—i nhà hà ng Mỹ, bán Molokhiya cookies (bánh bÃch quy ngá»t) vá»›i rau Ä‘ay là thà nh phần đặc trÆ°ng, tại khu vá»±c Shinjuku ở Tokyo, Nháºt Bản.
Lá Ä‘ay già u betacaroten, sắt, canxi, vitamin C. Các loà i Ä‘ay có tÃnh hoạt hóa chống ôxi hóa vá»›i má»™t lượng đáng kể tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
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- Cân phân biệt vá»›i cây rau Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius Linn) thuá»™c há» Tiliaceae. Äó là cây thảo cứng, cao Ä‘á»™ 1-2m. Thân mà u Ä‘á» nâu Ãt phân nhánh. Lá hình bầu dục nhá»n, tù hay tròn ở gốc, có gân ở trên các gân mặt dÆ°á»›i lá, sau nhẵn, mép khÃa răng Ä‘á»u đặn, răng nhá»n, hai răng ở gốc lá thÆ°á»ng kéo dà i thà nh hai lông dà i 3-5 gân gốc, lá kèm hình dãi dà i mảnh, cuống lá mảnh. Hoa nhá» mà u và ng má»c ở kẽ lá. Quả nang dà i, hình trụ, có 6 sống dá»c. Hạt hình quả lê. Cây ra hoa quanh năm chủ yếu có hoa và o mùa thu và quả và o mùa đông. Cây được trồng để lấy sợi là m bao tải. Kinh nghiệm dân gian lấy ngá»n non dùng tÆ°Æ¡i hoặc thu hái hạt phÆ¡i khô. Khi dùng để giải nhiệt hoặc lợi sữa hoặc nhuáºn trÆ°á»ng, lấy chừng 100-200gr ngá»n non nấu ăn hà ng ngà y. Còn chữa hen suyá»…n, dùng 10-20gr hạt khô sao và ng sắc uống vá»›i xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p lúc còn nóng ngà y 2 lần.
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Cây Ä‘ay có hai loà i Ä‘á»u là cây trồng: Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius L.), tên khác là rau Ä‘ay, Ä‘ay tÃa, Ä‘ay tây, Ä‘ay rừng, ngÆ°á»i Tà y gá»i là phjăc slênh, được dùng là m rau ăn và là m thuốc. Äay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis L.), tên khác là đay trắng, Ä‘ay lụa, Ä‘ay ta, ngÆ°á»i Thái gá»i là co dệt, chỉ cho sợi để dệt bao túi.
Lá Ä‘ay quả dà i chứa Ca 498mg%, P 93mg%, Fe 3,8mg%, K 650mg%, acid oxalic 870mg%, vitamin B1 0,24mg%, vitamin B2 0,76mg%, vitamin C 168mg%, vitamin A 7.940 Ä‘Æ¡n vị, vitamin E 141. Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i có nhiá»u glycosid khác nhau, nhÆ°ng chủ yếu là corchorosid và olitorisid.
Vá» mặt thuốc, lá Ä‘ay quả dà i (rau Ä‘ay) 30-50g, nấu canh ăn có tác dụng tăng tiết sữa. Sau khi đẻ, tuần đầu tiên, phụ nữ ăn canh rau Ä‘ay Ä‘á»u đặn trong bữa cÆ¡m hằng ngà y. Những tuần sau, má»—i tuần ăn hai lần. Rau Ä‘ay 100g phối hợp vá»›i rau mồng tÆ¡i 50g, khoai sá» 2 củ, rá»a sạch, thái nhá», nấu ăn trong ngà y là thuốc mát, nhuáºn trà ng chữa táo bón. Dùng 2-3 ngà y. Äá»… chữa rắn cắn, nhân dân thÆ°á»ng dùng ngá»n rau Ä‘ay vá»›i nõn chuối tiêu, dây kim cang, giã nhá», thêm nÆ°á»›c, gạn uống, bã đắp.
Hạt thu hái từ quả đay già , phơi hoặc sấy khô. Khi dùng, để sống hoặc sao qua. Tuệ Tĩnh (Nam dược thần hiệu) đã dùng hạt đay quả dà i thay vị đình lịch vì có tác dụng lợi tiểu mạnh chữa bệnh cổ trướng, phối hợp với các vị thuốc khác trong bà i thuốc sau:
Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, sao; vá» rá»… dâu 24g, tẩm máºt sao; trần bì lâu năm 12g; gừng sống 3 lát. Tất cả thái nhá», sắc vá»›i 400ml nÆ°á»›c còn 100ml, uống là m hai lần trong ngà y.
Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, giã nát, sao; xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p 20g, băm nhá», sao. Hai thứ trá»™n Ä‘á»u, sắc uống là m hai lần trong ngà y, chữa hen suyá»…n. Äể chữa trà n dịch mà ng phổi, lấy hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 8g; ý dÄ© 16g; tỳ giải, má»™c thông, huyá»n sâm, thổ phục linh, bách bá»™, má»—i vị 12g; hạt bìm bìm biếc, rá»… cá» tranh, hạt mã Ä‘á», má»—i vị 8g. Sắc uống ngà y má»™t thang.
Những năm gần đây, các nhà khoa há»c đã nghiên cứu tác dụng dược lý của chất olitorisid và thấy có hoạt tÃnh trợ tim cao, là m tăng sức co cÆ¡ tim và giảm nhịp tim gần giống hoạt tÃnh sinh há»c của strophantin (hoạt chất đặc hiệu vá»›i bệnh tim của cây sừng dê). Olitorisid đã được Ä‘Æ°a và o má»™t há»—n hợp ổn định có tác dụng trên tim và được đặt tên là Daicosid. Từ đó, thuốc được bà o chế dÆ°á»›i dạng viên 1mg và thuốc tiêm 0,33mg dùng để trợ tim vá»›i hiệu quả Ä‘iá»u trị cao.
Theo tà i liệu nước ngoà i, lá đay quả dà i được dùng là m thuốc bổ, an thần, lợi tiểu. Hạt là thuốc tẩy chữa táo bón.
Tác giả: DS. Äá»— Huy BÃch
Nguồn: Báo sức khá»e & Äá»i sống Online ngà y 8/8/2007
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Corchorus olitorius L.
Tiliaceae
Nalta jute, Tussa jute
Source: James A. Due. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished
Uses
While perhaps better known as a fiber crop, jute is also a medicinal "vegetable", eaten from Tanganyika to Egypt. Dried leaves were given me by an Egyptian friend who had brought them with him to this country. They are used in soups under the Arabic name "Molukhyia." In India the leaves and tender shoots are eaten. The dried material is there known as "nalita." Injections of olitoriside markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin.
Folk Medicine
Reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussa jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
Chemistry
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 43-58 calories, 80.4-84.1 g H2O, 4.5-5.6 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 7.6-12.4 g total carbohydrate, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4 g ash, 266-366 mg Ca, 97-122 mg P, 7.2-7.7 mg Fe, 12 mg Na, 444 mg K, 6,410-7,850 ug beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15 mg thiamine, 0.26- 0.53 mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2 mg niacin, and 53-80 mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The folic acid content is substantially higher than that of other folacin-rich vegetables, ca 800 micrograins per 100 g (ca 75% moisture) or ca 3200 micrograms on a zero moisture basis (Chen and Saad, 1981). The seeds contain 11.3-14.8% oil (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), reportedly estrogenic (Sharaf et al, 1979), which contains 16.9% palmitic-, 3.7% stearic-, 1.8% behenic-, 1.1% lignoceiic-, 9.1% oleic-, 62.5% linoleic-, and 0.9% linolenic- acids as well as large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn.
Toxicity
Contains HCN and several cardiac glycosides. Negm et al (1980) report the LD50 of tissue extracts to mice. The "lethal dose" of Corchoroside A to cats is 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B 0.059-0.1413, but some authors say that Corchoroside A is twice as active as Corchoroside B.
Description
Annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall; stems glabrous. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicles 1-3, very short. Sepals ca 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Style short; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).
Germplasm
Reported from the African, Hindustani, and China-Japan Centers of Diversity, tussa jute, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate disease, fungi, high pH, laterite, limestone, and salt (Duke, 1978). Several cvs are discussed in the Annual Reports of the Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR, 1973, 1975). (2n = 14, 28)
Distribution
Rather pantropical in distribution, perhaps more often a weed than a cultivar. Considered a serious weed in Australia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, and Thailand, a principal weed in the Sudan, and a common weed in Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Nepal, Turkey, and Zambia (Holm et al, 1979). Systematic attempts have been made to grow jute in West Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, Java, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
Ecology
Ranging from Warm Temperate Thorn through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tussa jute is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.0 to 42.9 dm (mean of 15 cases = 18), annual temperature of 16.8 to 27.5°C (mean of 15 cases = 23.8), and pH of 4.5 to 8.2 (mean of 13 cases = 6.5). (Duke, 1978, 1979)
Cultivation
In India, seeds are sown in (Feb.-) Mar-May (June) in carefully prepared soil, plowed and cross plowed 5 or 6 times, clay soils requiring more plowing. Cow dung and wood ashes are applied as manure. Rotted water hyacinth or its ashes may also be applied. Seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow. When soils are moist, seeds may germinate in 2-3 days. If germination is bad, replowing and resowing is recommended. Starting at 8-25 cm tall, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake 3 to 4 times, and weeded 2 to 3 times. After the final weeding, plants are spaced at 10-15 by 15 cm. Highest yields were obtained (ca 3000 kg/ha) with 80 kg/N compared to 1700 per ha in unfertilized controls.
Harvesting
In India, usually harvested Aug-Sept, when ca 50% of the plants are in pods, but earlier if floods threaten. Plants are cut close to the ground with sickles. Cut plants are tied into bundles, left to dry 2-4 days and shed their leaves. The jute is retted usually in stagnant water. After retting, the bundles are beat on the root end with a mallet to start the fibers which are wrapped around the fingers and the stems are jerked back and forth in the water to separate the fibers.
Yields and Economics
Fiber yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fiber representing ca 6% of the green weight. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped. Rice yielded 5650 kg/ha following the intercropping and, potatoes yielded 13,600 kg/ha following the rice (ICAR, 1973). Seed yields run 200-350 kg/ha, usually lower in C. olitorus than in capsularis.
Energy
Assuming the fiber yields are 6% of green weight, annual green weight productivity ranges from 13 to 42 MT/ha, with genetic potential of 67 MT. Assuming 80% moisture, this translates to 2.6-13.4 MT DM. ICAR (1973) reports DM yields of ca 10 MT near Barrackpore corresponding roughly to an uptake of 75 kg N, 4 5 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O, 115 kg CaO, and 35 kg MgO.
Biotic Factors
Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect 50-90% of a jute population, but spraying with copper oxychloride at 0.5% strength checked the spread, holding it to 5-10% (ICAR, 1973). Thangavel et al (1974) found that this species was badly infested by 3 species of weevils (Myllocerus spp.) while C. capsularis was unaffected. The semilooper Anomis sabulifera may stunt the growth, reducing fiber yields by ca 13-32%. The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus may also reduce yields.
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The Incredible Journey of Corchorus Olitorius
by SARAH on JULY 4, 2010
Deep in tropical Africa families ate a nutritious and filling stew from a plant known today as ewedu. Little would they know that this would be the last connection with their homeland before slave traders shipped them away as prized commodities. The slaves carried with them the tiny seeds of Corchorus Olitorius, a plant that sustained them for centuries and would continue to do so in their Diaspora. Along the human chattel lines this modest flower flourished, perhaps symbolizing how African societies could have thrived if they were left alone. The depredation of Africa continued across the continent as the slave trade broadened its ugly hold. Indigenous societies were being destroyed before they had a chance to fully develop and for many this plant was the last vestige of a culture which would all but disappear.
From the Jungles of Africa to Egypt’s National Dish
Mloukhia as it is known in Egypt has grown there for so long it has become a quintessential Egyptian green. What started as a plant introduced by slaves became the preferred food of the highest echelons of society and it is said even the Pharaoh himself. As the pendulum swings, in modern times it is again the simple food of peasant farmers and is considered by many Egypt’s national dish.
Interestingly, during the reign of the mad Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Mloukhia became illegal along with a long list of other prohibitions. It was treated much like cocaine or marihuana and anyone caught with this contraband would be harshly punished. This is ironic considering how nutritious Mloukhia is, high in vitamin C and B, beta-carotene, magnesium and iron. It is also beneficial in controlling symptoms of diabetes and high cholesterol.
From Africa and Beyond
With trade, migration and exploration Mloukhia found its way across the globe and became an important agricultural product in India and adjacent countries. Unlike Egypt it was not grown as an edible plant but to produce burlap, a fabric made from jute fibers of C. Olitorius. It adapted incredibly well to the hot climate of Asia and became an important economic crop. Since the introduction of nylon and polypropylene, burlap lost a large share of the market. However, renewed interest in biodegradable fibers for such uses as erosion control has once again increased international sales of this product.
Mloukhia and the Western Palate
It is considered a much loved dish in many parts of the world including the Levant, Philippines and even Japan, where they use it for medicinal tea. Jews of Sephardic heritage are also very fond of mloukhia as the name Jew’s mallow indicates. In the United States, and other western nations, mlouhkia is unknown except within certain communities.
It’s mucilaginous texture, highly prized by some, is often disliked by those who have never encountered it before. It is described in terms that are not common in cookery books and better fitted to the medical lexicon.
Coming from the United States, I tasted Mloukhia for the first time several years ago and it did not disappoint. It was more viscous than I ever thought possible in a vegetable. Research has indicated that the plant component producing the texture may have uses as a food additive much the same way guar gum is used today.
Mloukhia is an important local crop in Africa, the Middle East and a few Asian countries and should not be replaced by introduced species. It continues to be grown or harvested in many areas of Africa where it is easily grown without the need for intensive agricultural intervention. Its high nutritional profile and ease of growth makes it an ideal plant to grow in its indigenous area or climates compatible to it. Sustainable agriculture is based on using local plants for preserving not only the ecology but the culture tied with it.
In addition, there are areas where this plant grows abundantly in the wild but neglected as an edible crop. In these cases, education may help to increase food sources with a minimum of effort and finance.
Mloukhia is an acquired taste which I have not yet achieved. The traditional way of preparing it is as a soup or cooked together with lamb. Here is another way inspired by Cafe Liz’s sweet potato and mloukhia ravioli. I used egg pasta consisting of 3 cups duram bread flour and 2 cups fine semolina flour. The filling consisted of a mixture of cooked mloukhia that had been squeezed dried of moisture mixed with feta and kashkaval cheese. I made a simple olive oil sauce with garlic, chili pepper and crushed coriander. The result did not mask the texture of the mloukhia. As I am extremely impatient with picky eaters who are reluctant to try new things, it annoys me to no end that I have not been able to overcome the mloukhia hurdle.
*** PFAF.ORG
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus%20olitorius
ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 3.5 m (11ft 6in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone 10. It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.It requires moist soil.
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed.
Leaves – raw or cooked[1, 27, 46, 61]. Young leaves are added to salads whilst older leaves are cooked as a pot-herb[2, 183, 269]. High in protein[183]. The dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups[183]. A tea is made from the dried leaves[183]. Immature fruits are added to salads or used as a potherb[183].
Demulcent; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Tonic.
The leaves are demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic[240]. They are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria[240]. A cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength[269]. The seeds are purgative[240]. Injections of olitoriside, an extract from the plant, markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin[269].
Other Uses
Fibre; Wood.
A fibre is obtained from the stems, it is the main source of jute[46, 61, 200] but is considered to be inferior to the fibre obtained from C. capsularis[61]. The fibre is somewhat coarse and is used mainly for sackcloth etc[57]. The stems are harvested when the plant is in flower and are then retted (allowed to begin to rot) so that the fibre can be extracted[171]. This species tends to branch making fibre extraction more difficult[114]. Growing the plants very close together will prevent some of the branching. If used in making paper, the fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then ball milled for 4½ hours. The paper is grey/buff[189]. Fibre yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fibre representing ca 6% of the green weight[269]. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped[269]. The very light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches[158].
Cultivation details
Prefers a very fertile soil and a hot humid climate[169]. Tolerates very wet conditions according to one report[57] whilst another says that it does not tolerate waterlogged soils[169]. Jute is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation between 40 and 429m,an annual average temperature range of 16.8 to 27.5°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269]. Jute is sometimes cultivated for the fibre in its stem and also for its edible leaves[183]. It makes an excellent spinach substitute in areas with hot summers[183]. This species is not hardy in Britain but it can be grown as a half-hardy annual here, though it grows much better in areas that are warmer than typical summers in this country[27]. Some reports say that this plant is an annual whilst one says that it is perennial. Since the plant is not hardy in Britain we can only grow it as an annual. This species is very closely related to C. capsularis
Propagation
Seed – sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in late spring, after the last expected frosts[200]. In areas with hot summers it should be possible to sow the seed in situ in mid spring.
**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINE PLANTS
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Buds and flower of Corchorus olitorius ... Nụ và hoa của cây rau Äay trái dà i ...
