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Buds and flower of Corchorus olitorius … Nụ và hoa của cây rau Äay trái dà i …
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Äay trái dà i.
English names : Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jew’s Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African Sorrel
Scientist name : Corchorus olitorius L.
Synonyms :
Family : Tiliaceae. Há» Äay ( Há» Cò Ke )
Searched from :
**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=news&newsid=1128
Sợi vá» thân cây Ä‘ay có đặc tÃnh hút ẩm mạnh, là nguyên liệu tốt để dệt bao Ä‘ay, vải Ä‘ay, dây Ä‘ay. Dùng hà ng dệt bằng Ä‘ay để đóng gói hà ng hóa, có Æ°u Ä‘iểm phòng ẩm, khô ráo, nếu dùng để Ä‘á»±ng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c, muối, Ä‘Æ°á»ng, xi măng… Ä‘á»u rất thÃch hợp. Còn nhÆ° mái nhà kho, tÆ°á»ng viện bảo tà ng, thÆ° viện được trang trà bằng vải Ä‘ay sẽ có tác dụng phòng ẩm. Vải Ä‘ay cho thêm dầu lanh, chế tạo thà nh vải dầu, là thứ không thể thiếu được trên tà u thuyá»n. Sợi Ä‘ay dá»… nhuá»™m, thÆ°á»ng dùng để dệt vải bạt, thảm trải sà n nhà , đồng thá»i có thể dệt há»—n hợp vá»›i bông, len thà nh vải vóc may mặc. Hạt Ä‘ay chÆ°a 14% dầu, có thể là m dầu dùng trong công nghiệp và y dược. Rá»… Ä‘ay, vụn Ä‘ay có thể dùng là m nguyên liệu sản xuất giấy. Lá Ä‘ay non có thể dùng là m rau ăn. Lá già ngâm trong ruá»™ng nÆ°á»›c vừa có thể là m cho đất tốt hÆ¡n, vừa có thể phòng trừ sâu hại.
**** WIKI TIẾNG VIỆT
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Äay
SỠdụng
[sá»a]Lấy sợi
Xem bà i chÃnh Sợi Ä‘ay
Các loà i trong chi Corchorus thá»a mãn má»™t lượng lá»›n nhu cầu của thế giá»›i vá» sợi. Sợi từ các loà i Ä‘ay là sợi thá»±c váºt phổ biến hà ng thứ hai sau sợi bông.
[sá»a]Thá»±c phẩm
Lá non của má»™t và i loà i Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng là m rau ăn; Ä‘ay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius) được sá» dụng chủ yếu tại miá»n nam châu Ã, Ai Cáºp và Cyprus, Ä‘ay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis) tại Nháºt Bản và Trung Quốc. Chúng có kết cấu nhầy (nhá»›t), tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± nhÆ° ở Ä‘áºu bắp, khi nấu ăn. Hạt được sá» dụng là m hÆ°Æ¡ng liệu, và má»™t loại trà thảo má»™c được sản xuất từ lá Ä‘ay khô. Rau Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng tại Ai Cáºp; má»™t số ngÆ°á»i còn cho rằng nó là món ăn quốc gia trong ẩm thá»±c Ai Cáºp. Nó cÅ©ng là món ăn đặc trÆ°ng trong ẩm thá»±c Lebanon, Palestine, Syria và Jordan. Má»™t món ăn Ä‘iển hình của khu vá»±c nà y là rau Ä‘ay hầm ăn cùng cÆ¡m và thịt gà luá»™c. Tại Việt Nam, rau Ä‘ay chủ yếu dùng nấu canh (vá»›i cua, tôm tép), đôi khi vá»›i mồng tÆ¡i hoặc mÆ°á»›p.
Tháng 9 năm 2007, Sizzler’s, má»™t chuá»—i nhà hà ng Mỹ, bán Molokhiya cookies (bánh bÃch quy ngá»t) vá»›i rau Ä‘ay là thà nh phần đặc trÆ°ng, tại khu vá»±c Shinjuku ở Tokyo, Nháºt Bản.
Lá Ä‘ay già u betacaroten, sắt, canxi, vitamin C. Các loà i Ä‘ay có tÃnh hoạt hóa chống ôxi hóa vá»›i má»™t lượng đáng kể tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
**** TUETINHLIENHOA.COM
tuetinhlienhoa.com.vn/cms/article/duochoc/vanh/1091/
- Cân phân biệt vá»›i cây rau Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius Linn) thuá»™c há» Tiliaceae. Äó là cây thảo cứng, cao Ä‘á»™ 1-2m. Thân mà u Ä‘á» nâu Ãt phân nhánh. Lá hình bầu dục nhá»n, tù hay tròn ở gốc, có gân ở trên các gân mặt dÆ°á»›i lá, sau nhẵn, mép khÃa răng Ä‘á»u đặn, răng nhá»n, hai răng ở gốc lá thÆ°á»ng kéo dà i thà nh hai lông dà i 3-5 gân gốc, lá kèm hình dãi dà i mảnh, cuống lá mảnh. Hoa nhá» mà u và ng má»c ở kẽ lá. Quả nang dà i, hình trụ, có 6 sống dá»c. Hạt hình quả lê. Cây ra hoa quanh năm chủ yếu có hoa và o mùa thu và quả và o mùa đông. Cây được trồng để lấy sợi là m bao tải. Kinh nghiệm dân gian lấy ngá»n non dùng tÆ°Æ¡i hoặc thu hái hạt phÆ¡i khô. Khi dùng để giải nhiệt hoặc lợi sữa hoặc nhuáºn trÆ°á»ng, lấy chừng 100-200gr ngá»n non nấu ăn hà ng ngà y. Còn chữa hen suyá»…n, dùng 10-20gr hạt khô sao và ng sắc uống vá»›i xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p lúc còn nóng ngà y 2 lần.
**** VHO.VN. : THUá»C TRỢ TIM
www.vho.vn/search.php?ID=10560&keyword=Ho
Cây Ä‘ay có hai loà i Ä‘á»u là cây trồng: Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius L.), tên khác là rau Ä‘ay, Ä‘ay tÃa, Ä‘ay tây, Ä‘ay rừng, ngÆ°á»i Tà y gá»i là phjăc slênh, được dùng là m rau ăn và là m thuốc. Äay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis L.), tên khác là đay trắng, Ä‘ay lụa, Ä‘ay ta, ngÆ°á»i Thái gá»i là co dệt, chỉ cho sợi để dệt bao túi.
Lá Ä‘ay quả dà i chứa Ca 498mg%, P 93mg%, Fe 3,8mg%, K 650mg%, acid oxalic 870mg%, vitamin B1 0,24mg%, vitamin B2 0,76mg%, vitamin C 168mg%, vitamin A 7.940 Ä‘Æ¡n vị, vitamin E 141. Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i có nhiá»u glycosid khác nhau, nhÆ°ng chủ yếu là corchorosid và olitorisid.
Vá» mặt thuốc, lá Ä‘ay quả dà i (rau Ä‘ay) 30-50g, nấu canh ăn có tác dụng tăng tiết sữa. Sau khi đẻ, tuần đầu tiên, phụ nữ ăn canh rau Ä‘ay Ä‘á»u đặn trong bữa cÆ¡m hằng ngà y. Những tuần sau, má»—i tuần ăn hai lần. Rau Ä‘ay 100g phối hợp vá»›i rau mồng tÆ¡i 50g, khoai sá» 2 củ, rá»a sạch, thái nhá», nấu ăn trong ngà y là thuốc mát, nhuáºn trà ng chữa táo bón. Dùng 2-3 ngà y. Äá»… chữa rắn cắn, nhân dân thÆ°á»ng dùng ngá»n rau Ä‘ay vá»›i nõn chuối tiêu, dây kim cang, giã nhá», thêm nÆ°á»›c, gạn uống, bã đắp.
Hạt thu hái từ quả đay già , phơi hoặc sấy khô. Khi dùng, để sống hoặc sao qua. Tuệ Tĩnh (Nam dược thần hiệu) đã dùng hạt đay quả dà i thay vị đình lịch vì có tác dụng lợi tiểu mạnh chữa bệnh cổ trướng, phối hợp với các vị thuốc khác trong bà i thuốc sau:
Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, sao; vá» rá»… dâu 24g, tẩm máºt sao; trần bì lâu năm 12g; gừng sống 3 lát. Tất cả thái nhá», sắc vá»›i 400ml nÆ°á»›c còn 100ml, uống là m hai lần trong ngà y.
Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, giã nát, sao; xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p 20g, băm nhá», sao. Hai thứ trá»™n Ä‘á»u, sắc uống là m hai lần trong ngà y, chữa hen suyá»…n. Äể chữa trà n dịch mà ng phổi, lấy hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 8g; ý dÄ© 16g; tỳ giải, má»™c thông, huyá»n sâm, thổ phục linh, bách bá»™, má»—i vị 12g; hạt bìm bìm biếc, rá»… cá» tranh, hạt mã Ä‘á», má»—i vị 8g. Sắc uống ngà y má»™t thang.
Những năm gần đây, các nhà khoa há»c đã nghiên cứu tác dụng dược lý của chất olitorisid và thấy có hoạt tÃnh trợ tim cao, là m tăng sức co cÆ¡ tim và giảm nhịp tim gần giống hoạt tÃnh sinh há»c của strophantin (hoạt chất đặc hiệu vá»›i bệnh tim của cây sừng dê). Olitorisid đã được Ä‘Æ°a và o má»™t há»—n hợp ổn định có tác dụng trên tim và được đặt tên là Daicosid. Từ đó, thuốc được bà o chế dÆ°á»›i dạng viên 1mg và thuốc tiêm 0,33mg dùng để trợ tim vá»›i hiệu quả Ä‘iá»u trị cao.
Theo tà i liệu nước ngoà i, lá đay quả dà i được dùng là m thuốc bổ, an thần, lợi tiểu. Hạt là thuốc tẩy chữa táo bón.
Tác giả: DS. Äá»— Huy BÃch
Nguồn: Báo sức khá»e & Äá»i sống Online ngà y 8/8/2007
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**** HORT PURDUE.EDU
www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitori…
Corchorus olitorius L.
Tiliaceae
Nalta jute, Tussa jute
Source: James A. Due. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished
Uses
While perhaps better known as a fiber crop, jute is also a medicinal "vegetable", eaten from Tanganyika to Egypt. Dried leaves were given me by an Egyptian friend who had brought them with him to this country. They are used in soups under the Arabic name "Molukhyia." In India the leaves and tender shoots are eaten. The dried material is there known as "nalita." Injections of olitoriside markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin.
Folk Medicine
Reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussa jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
Chemistry
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 43-58 calories, 80.4-84.1 g H2O, 4.5-5.6 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 7.6-12.4 g total carbohydrate, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4 g ash, 266-366 mg Ca, 97-122 mg P, 7.2-7.7 mg Fe, 12 mg Na, 444 mg K, 6,410-7,850 ug beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15 mg thiamine, 0.26- 0.53 mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2 mg niacin, and 53-80 mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The folic acid content is substantially higher than that of other folacin-rich vegetables, ca 800 micrograins per 100 g (ca 75% moisture) or ca 3200 micrograms on a zero moisture basis (Chen and Saad, 1981). The seeds contain 11.3-14.8% oil (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), reportedly estrogenic (Sharaf et al, 1979), which contains 16.9% palmitic-, 3.7% stearic-, 1.8% behenic-, 1.1% lignoceiic-, 9.1% oleic-, 62.5% linoleic-, and 0.9% linolenic- acids as well as large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn.
Toxicity
Contains HCN and several cardiac glycosides. Negm et al (1980) report the LD50 of tissue extracts to mice. The "lethal dose" of Corchoroside A to cats is 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B 0.059-0.1413, but some authors say that Corchoroside A is twice as active as Corchoroside B.
Description
Annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall; stems glabrous. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicles 1-3, very short. Sepals ca 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Style short; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).
Germplasm
Reported from the African, Hindustani, and China-Japan Centers of Diversity, tussa jute, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate disease, fungi, high pH, laterite, limestone, and salt (Duke, 1978). Several cvs are discussed in the Annual Reports of the Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR, 1973, 1975). (2n = 14, 28)
Distribution
Rather pantropical in distribution, perhaps more often a weed than a cultivar. Considered a serious weed in Australia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, and Thailand, a principal weed in the Sudan, and a common weed in Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Nepal, Turkey, and Zambia (Holm et al, 1979). Systematic attempts have been made to grow jute in West Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, Java, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
Ecology
Ranging from Warm Temperate Thorn through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tussa jute is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.0 to 42.9 dm (mean of 15 cases = 18), annual temperature of 16.8 to 27.5°C (mean of 15 cases = 23.8), and pH of 4.5 to 8.2 (mean of 13 cases = 6.5). (Duke, 1978, 1979)
Cultivation
In India, seeds are sown in (Feb.-) Mar-May (June) in carefully prepared soil, plowed and cross plowed 5 or 6 times, clay soils requiring more plowing. Cow dung and wood ashes are applied as manure. Rotted water hyacinth or its ashes may also be applied. Seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow. When soils are moist, seeds may germinate in 2-3 days. If germination is bad, replowing and resowing is recommended. Starting at 8-25 cm tall, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake 3 to 4 times, and weeded 2 to 3 times. After the final weeding, plants are spaced at 10-15 by 15 cm. Highest yields were obtained (ca 3000 kg/ha) with 80 kg/N compared to 1700 per ha in unfertilized controls.
Harvesting
In India, usually harvested Aug-Sept, when ca 50% of the plants are in pods, but earlier if floods threaten. Plants are cut close to the ground with sickles. Cut plants are tied into bundles, left to dry 2-4 days and shed their leaves. The jute is retted usually in stagnant water. After retting, the bundles are beat on the root end with a mallet to start the fibers which are wrapped around the fingers and the stems are jerked back and forth in the water to separate the fibers.
Yields and Economics
Fiber yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fiber representing ca 6% of the green weight. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped. Rice yielded 5650 kg/ha following the intercropping and, potatoes yielded 13,600 kg/ha following the rice (ICAR, 1973). Seed yields run 200-350 kg/ha, usually lower in C. olitorus than in capsularis.
Energy
Assuming the fiber yields are 6% of green weight, annual green weight productivity ranges from 13 to 42 MT/ha, with genetic potential of 67 MT. Assuming 80% moisture, this translates to 2.6-13.4 MT DM. ICAR (1973) reports DM yields of ca 10 MT near Barrackpore corresponding roughly to an uptake of 75 kg N, 4 5 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O, 115 kg CaO, and 35 kg MgO.
Biotic Factors
Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect 50-90% of a jute population, but spraying with copper oxychloride at 0.5% strength checked the spread, holding it to 5-10% (ICAR, 1973). Thangavel et al (1974) found that this species was badly infested by 3 species of weevils (Myllocerus spp.) while C. capsularis was unaffected. The semilooper Anomis sabulifera may stunt the growth, reducing fiber yields by ca 13-32%. The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus may also reduce yields.
**** SARAHMELAMED
www.sarahmelamed.com/2010/07/the-incredible-journey-of-co…
The Incredible Journey of Corchorus Olitorius
by SARAH on JULY 4, 2010
Deep in tropical Africa families ate a nutritious and filling stew from a plant known today as ewedu. Little would they know that this would be the last connection with their homeland before slave traders shipped them away as prized commodities. The slaves carried with them the tiny seeds of Corchorus Olitorius, a plant that sustained them for centuries and would continue to do so in their Diaspora. Along the human chattel lines this modest flower flourished, perhaps symbolizing how African societies could have thrived if they were left alone. The depredation of Africa continued across the continent as the slave trade broadened its ugly hold. Indigenous societies were being destroyed before they had a chance to fully develop and for many this plant was the last vestige of a culture which would all but disappear.
From the Jungles of Africa to Egypt’s National Dish
Mloukhia as it is known in Egypt has grown there for so long it has become a quintessential Egyptian green. What started as a plant introduced by slaves became the preferred food of the highest echelons of society and it is said even the Pharaoh himself. As the pendulum swings, in modern times it is again the simple food of peasant farmers and is considered by many Egypt’s national dish.
Interestingly, during the reign of the mad Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Mloukhia became illegal along with a long list of other prohibitions. It was treated much like cocaine or marihuana and anyone caught with this contraband would be harshly punished. This is ironic considering how nutritious Mloukhia is, high in vitamin C and B, beta-carotene, magnesium and iron. It is also beneficial in controlling symptoms of diabetes and high cholesterol.
From Africa and Beyond
With trade, migration and exploration Mloukhia found its way across the globe and became an important agricultural product in India and adjacent countries. Unlike Egypt it was not grown as an edible plant but to produce burlap, a fabric made from jute fibers of C. Olitorius. It adapted incredibly well to the hot climate of Asia and became an important economic crop. Since the introduction of nylon and polypropylene, burlap lost a large share of the market. However, renewed interest in biodegradable fibers for such uses as erosion control has once again increased international sales of this product.
Mloukhia and the Western Palate
It is considered a much loved dish in many parts of the world including the Levant, Philippines and even Japan, where they use it for medicinal tea. Jews of Sephardic heritage are also very fond of mloukhia as the name Jew’s mallow indicates. In the United States, and other western nations, mlouhkia is unknown except within certain communities.
It’s mucilaginous texture, highly prized by some, is often disliked by those who have never encountered it before. It is described in terms that are not common in cookery books and better fitted to the medical lexicon.
Coming from the United States, I tasted Mloukhia for the first time several years ago and it did not disappoint. It was more viscous than I ever thought possible in a vegetable. Research has indicated that the plant component producing the texture may have uses as a food additive much the same way guar gum is used today.
Mloukhia is an important local crop in Africa, the Middle East and a few Asian countries and should not be replaced by introduced species. It continues to be grown or harvested in many areas of Africa where it is easily grown without the need for intensive agricultural intervention. Its high nutritional profile and ease of growth makes it an ideal plant to grow in its indigenous area or climates compatible to it. Sustainable agriculture is based on using local plants for preserving not only the ecology but the culture tied with it.
In addition, there are areas where this plant grows abundantly in the wild but neglected as an edible crop. In these cases, education may help to increase food sources with a minimum of effort and finance.
Mloukhia is an acquired taste which I have not yet achieved. The traditional way of preparing it is as a soup or cooked together with lamb. Here is another way inspired by Cafe Liz’s sweet potato and mloukhia ravioli. I used egg pasta consisting of 3 cups duram bread flour and 2 cups fine semolina flour. The filling consisted of a mixture of cooked mloukhia that had been squeezed dried of moisture mixed with feta and kashkaval cheese. I made a simple olive oil sauce with garlic, chili pepper and crushed coriander. The result did not mask the texture of the mloukhia. As I am extremely impatient with picky eaters who are reluctant to try new things, it annoys me to no end that I have not been able to overcome the mloukhia hurdle.
*** PFAF.ORG
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus%20olitorius
ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 3.5 m (11ft 6in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone 10. It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.It requires moist soil.
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed.
Leaves – raw or cooked[1, 27, 46, 61]. Young leaves are added to salads whilst older leaves are cooked as a pot-herb[2, 183, 269]. High in protein[183]. The dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups[183]. A tea is made from the dried leaves[183]. Immature fruits are added to salads or used as a potherb[183].
Demulcent; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Tonic.
The leaves are demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic[240]. They are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria[240]. A cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength[269]. The seeds are purgative[240]. Injections of olitoriside, an extract from the plant, markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin[269].
Other Uses
Fibre; Wood.
A fibre is obtained from the stems, it is the main source of jute[46, 61, 200] but is considered to be inferior to the fibre obtained from C. capsularis[61]. The fibre is somewhat coarse and is used mainly for sackcloth etc[57]. The stems are harvested when the plant is in flower and are then retted (allowed to begin to rot) so that the fibre can be extracted[171]. This species tends to branch making fibre extraction more difficult[114]. Growing the plants very close together will prevent some of the branching. If used in making paper, the fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then ball milled for 4½ hours. The paper is grey/buff[189]. Fibre yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fibre representing ca 6% of the green weight[269]. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped[269]. The very light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches[158].
Cultivation details
Prefers a very fertile soil and a hot humid climate[169]. Tolerates very wet conditions according to one report[57] whilst another says that it does not tolerate waterlogged soils[169]. Jute is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation between 40 and 429m,an annual average temperature range of 16.8 to 27.5°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269]. Jute is sometimes cultivated for the fibre in its stem and also for its edible leaves[183]. It makes an excellent spinach substitute in areas with hot summers[183]. This species is not hardy in Britain but it can be grown as a half-hardy annual here, though it grows much better in areas that are warmer than typical summers in this country[27]. Some reports say that this plant is an annual whilst one says that it is perennial. Since the plant is not hardy in Britain we can only grow it as an annual. This species is very closely related to C. capsularis
Propagation
Seed – sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in late spring, after the last expected frosts[200]. In areas with hot summers it should be possible to sow the seed in situ in mid spring.
**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINE PLANTS
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Buds, flower and fruit of Corchorus olitorius …Hoa, nụ và trái của cây rau Äay trái dà i ….
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Äay trái dà i.
English names : Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jew’s Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African Sorrel
Scientist name : Corchorus olitorius L.
Synonyms :
Family : Tiliaceae. Há» Äay ( Há» Cò Ke )
Searched from :
**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
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Sợi vá» thân cây Ä‘ay có đặc tÃnh hút ẩm mạnh, là nguyên liệu tốt để dệt bao Ä‘ay, vải Ä‘ay, dây Ä‘ay. Dùng hà ng dệt bằng Ä‘ay để đóng gói hà ng hóa, có Æ°u Ä‘iểm phòng ẩm, khô ráo, nếu dùng để Ä‘á»±ng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c, muối, Ä‘Æ°á»ng, xi măng… Ä‘á»u rất thÃch hợp. Còn nhÆ° mái nhà kho, tÆ°á»ng viện bảo tà ng, thÆ° viện được trang trà bằng vải Ä‘ay sẽ có tác dụng phòng ẩm. Vải Ä‘ay cho thêm dầu lanh, chế tạo thà nh vải dầu, là thứ không thể thiếu được trên tà u thuyá»n. Sợi Ä‘ay dá»… nhuá»™m, thÆ°á»ng dùng để dệt vải bạt, thảm trải sà n nhà , đồng thá»i có thể dệt há»—n hợp vá»›i bông, len thà nh vải vóc may mặc. Hạt Ä‘ay chÆ°a 14% dầu, có thể là m dầu dùng trong công nghiệp và y dược. Rá»… Ä‘ay, vụn Ä‘ay có thể dùng là m nguyên liệu sản xuất giấy. Lá Ä‘ay non có thể dùng là m rau ăn. Lá già ngâm trong ruá»™ng nÆ°á»›c vừa có thể là m cho đất tốt hÆ¡n, vừa có thể phòng trừ sâu hại.
**** WIKI TIẾNG VIỆT
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Äay
SỠdụng
[sá»a]Lấy sợi
Xem bà i chÃnh Sợi Ä‘ay
Các loà i trong chi Corchorus thá»a mãn má»™t lượng lá»›n nhu cầu của thế giá»›i vá» sợi. Sợi từ các loà i Ä‘ay là sợi thá»±c váºt phổ biến hà ng thứ hai sau sợi bông.
[sá»a]Thá»±c phẩm
Lá non của má»™t và i loà i Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng là m rau ăn; Ä‘ay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius) được sá» dụng chủ yếu tại miá»n nam châu Ã, Ai Cáºp và Cyprus, Ä‘ay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis) tại Nháºt Bản và Trung Quốc. Chúng có kết cấu nhầy (nhá»›t), tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± nhÆ° ở Ä‘áºu bắp, khi nấu ăn. Hạt được sá» dụng là m hÆ°Æ¡ng liệu, và má»™t loại trà thảo má»™c được sản xuất từ lá Ä‘ay khô. Rau Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng tại Ai Cáºp; má»™t số ngÆ°á»i còn cho rằng nó là món ăn quốc gia trong ẩm thá»±c Ai Cáºp. Nó cÅ©ng là món ăn đặc trÆ°ng trong ẩm thá»±c Lebanon, Palestine, Syria và Jordan. Má»™t món ăn Ä‘iển hình của khu vá»±c nà y là rau Ä‘ay hầm ăn cùng cÆ¡m và thịt gà luá»™c. Tại Việt Nam, rau Ä‘ay chủ yếu dùng nấu canh (vá»›i cua, tôm tép), đôi khi vá»›i mồng tÆ¡i hoặc mÆ°á»›p.
Tháng 9 năm 2007, Sizzler’s, má»™t chuá»—i nhà hà ng Mỹ, bán Molokhiya cookies (bánh bÃch quy ngá»t) vá»›i rau Ä‘ay là thà nh phần đặc trÆ°ng, tại khu vá»±c Shinjuku ở Tokyo, Nháºt Bản.
Lá Ä‘ay già u betacaroten, sắt, canxi, vitamin C. Các loà i Ä‘ay có tÃnh hoạt hóa chống ôxi hóa vá»›i má»™t lượng đáng kể tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
**** TUETINHLIENHOA.COM
tuetinhlienhoa.com.vn/cms/article/duochoc/vanh/1091/
- Cân phân biệt vá»›i cây rau Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius Linn) thuá»™c há» Tiliaceae. Äó là cây thảo cứng, cao Ä‘á»™ 1-2m. Thân mà u Ä‘á» nâu Ãt phân nhánh. Lá hình bầu dục nhá»n, tù hay tròn ở gốc, có gân ở trên các gân mặt dÆ°á»›i lá, sau nhẵn, mép khÃa răng Ä‘á»u đặn, răng nhá»n, hai răng ở gốc lá thÆ°á»ng kéo dà i thà nh hai lông dà i 3-5 gân gốc, lá kèm hình dãi dà i mảnh, cuống lá mảnh. Hoa nhá» mà u và ng má»c ở kẽ lá. Quả nang dà i, hình trụ, có 6 sống dá»c. Hạt hình quả lê. Cây ra hoa quanh năm chủ yếu có hoa và o mùa thu và quả và o mùa đông. Cây được trồng để lấy sợi là m bao tải. Kinh nghiệm dân gian lấy ngá»n non dùng tÆ°Æ¡i hoặc thu hái hạt phÆ¡i khô. Khi dùng để giải nhiệt hoặc lợi sữa hoặc nhuáºn trÆ°á»ng, lấy chừng 100-200gr ngá»n non nấu ăn hà ng ngà y. Còn chữa hen suyá»…n, dùng 10-20gr hạt khô sao và ng sắc uống vá»›i xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p lúc còn nóng ngà y 2 lần.
**** VHO.VN. : THUá»C TRỢ TIM
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Cây Ä‘ay có hai loà i Ä‘á»u là cây trồng: Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius L.), tên khác là rau Ä‘ay, Ä‘ay tÃa, Ä‘ay tây, Ä‘ay rừng, ngÆ°á»i Tà y gá»i là phjăc slênh, được dùng là m rau ăn và là m thuốc. Äay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis L.), tên khác là đay trắng, Ä‘ay lụa, Ä‘ay ta, ngÆ°á»i Thái gá»i là co dệt, chỉ cho sợi để dệt bao túi.
Lá Ä‘ay quả dà i chứa Ca 498mg%, P 93mg%, Fe 3,8mg%, K 650mg%, acid oxalic 870mg%, vitamin B1 0,24mg%, vitamin B2 0,76mg%, vitamin C 168mg%, vitamin A 7.940 Ä‘Æ¡n vị, vitamin E 141. Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i có nhiá»u glycosid khác nhau, nhÆ°ng chủ yếu là corchorosid và olitorisid.
Vá» mặt thuốc, lá Ä‘ay quả dà i (rau Ä‘ay) 30-50g, nấu canh ăn có tác dụng tăng tiết sữa. Sau khi đẻ, tuần đầu tiên, phụ nữ ăn canh rau Ä‘ay Ä‘á»u đặn trong bữa cÆ¡m hằng ngà y. Những tuần sau, má»—i tuần ăn hai lần. Rau Ä‘ay 100g phối hợp vá»›i rau mồng tÆ¡i 50g, khoai sá» 2 củ, rá»a sạch, thái nhá», nấu ăn trong ngà y là thuốc mát, nhuáºn trà ng chữa táo bón. Dùng 2-3 ngà y. Äá»… chữa rắn cắn, nhân dân thÆ°á»ng dùng ngá»n rau Ä‘ay vá»›i nõn chuối tiêu, dây kim cang, giã nhá», thêm nÆ°á»›c, gạn uống, bã đắp.
Hạt thu hái từ quả đay già , phơi hoặc sấy khô. Khi dùng, để sống hoặc sao qua. Tuệ Tĩnh (Nam dược thần hiệu) đã dùng hạt đay quả dà i thay vị đình lịch vì có tác dụng lợi tiểu mạnh chữa bệnh cổ trướng, phối hợp với các vị thuốc khác trong bà i thuốc sau:
Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, sao; vá» rá»… dâu 24g, tẩm máºt sao; trần bì lâu năm 12g; gừng sống 3 lát. Tất cả thái nhá», sắc vá»›i 400ml nÆ°á»›c còn 100ml, uống là m hai lần trong ngà y.
Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, giã nát, sao; xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p 20g, băm nhá», sao. Hai thứ trá»™n Ä‘á»u, sắc uống là m hai lần trong ngà y, chữa hen suyá»…n. Äể chữa trà n dịch mà ng phổi, lấy hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 8g; ý dÄ© 16g; tỳ giải, má»™c thông, huyá»n sâm, thổ phục linh, bách bá»™, má»—i vị 12g; hạt bìm bìm biếc, rá»… cá» tranh, hạt mã Ä‘á», má»—i vị 8g. Sắc uống ngà y má»™t thang.
Những năm gần đây, các nhà khoa há»c đã nghiên cứu tác dụng dược lý của chất olitorisid và thấy có hoạt tÃnh trợ tim cao, là m tăng sức co cÆ¡ tim và giảm nhịp tim gần giống hoạt tÃnh sinh há»c của strophantin (hoạt chất đặc hiệu vá»›i bệnh tim của cây sừng dê). Olitorisid đã được Ä‘Æ°a và o má»™t há»—n hợp ổn định có tác dụng trên tim và được đặt tên là Daicosid. Từ đó, thuốc được bà o chế dÆ°á»›i dạng viên 1mg và thuốc tiêm 0,33mg dùng để trợ tim vá»›i hiệu quả Ä‘iá»u trị cao.
Theo tà i liệu nước ngoà i, lá đay quả dà i được dùng là m thuốc bổ, an thần, lợi tiểu. Hạt là thuốc tẩy chữa táo bón.
Tác giả: DS. Äá»— Huy BÃch
Nguồn: Báo sức khá»e & Äá»i sống Online ngà y 8/8/2007
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**** HORT PURDUE.EDU
www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitori…
Corchorus olitorius L.
Tiliaceae
Nalta jute, Tussa jute
Source: James A. Due. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished
Uses
While perhaps better known as a fiber crop, jute is also a medicinal "vegetable", eaten from Tanganyika to Egypt. Dried leaves were given me by an Egyptian friend who had brought them with him to this country. They are used in soups under the Arabic name "Molukhyia." In India the leaves and tender shoots are eaten. The dried material is there known as "nalita." Injections of olitoriside markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin.
Folk Medicine
Reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussa jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
Chemistry
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 43-58 calories, 80.4-84.1 g H2O, 4.5-5.6 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 7.6-12.4 g total carbohydrate, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4 g ash, 266-366 mg Ca, 97-122 mg P, 7.2-7.7 mg Fe, 12 mg Na, 444 mg K, 6,410-7,850 ug beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15 mg thiamine, 0.26- 0.53 mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2 mg niacin, and 53-80 mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The folic acid content is substantially higher than that of other folacin-rich vegetables, ca 800 micrograins per 100 g (ca 75% moisture) or ca 3200 micrograms on a zero moisture basis (Chen and Saad, 1981). The seeds contain 11.3-14.8% oil (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), reportedly estrogenic (Sharaf et al, 1979), which contains 16.9% palmitic-, 3.7% stearic-, 1.8% behenic-, 1.1% lignoceiic-, 9.1% oleic-, 62.5% linoleic-, and 0.9% linolenic- acids as well as large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn.
Toxicity
Contains HCN and several cardiac glycosides. Negm et al (1980) report the LD50 of tissue extracts to mice. The "lethal dose" of Corchoroside A to cats is 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B 0.059-0.1413, but some authors say that Corchoroside A is twice as active as Corchoroside B.
Description
Annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall; stems glabrous. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicles 1-3, very short. Sepals ca 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Style short; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).
Germplasm
Reported from the African, Hindustani, and China-Japan Centers of Diversity, tussa jute, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate disease, fungi, high pH, laterite, limestone, and salt (Duke, 1978). Several cvs are discussed in the Annual Reports of the Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR, 1973, 1975). (2n = 14, 28)
Distribution
Rather pantropical in distribution, perhaps more often a weed than a cultivar. Considered a serious weed in Australia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, and Thailand, a principal weed in the Sudan, and a common weed in Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Nepal, Turkey, and Zambia (Holm et al, 1979). Systematic attempts have been made to grow jute in West Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, Java, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
Ecology
Ranging from Warm Temperate Thorn through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tussa jute is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.0 to 42.9 dm (mean of 15 cases = 18), annual temperature of 16.8 to 27.5°C (mean of 15 cases = 23.8), and pH of 4.5 to 8.2 (mean of 13 cases = 6.5). (Duke, 1978, 1979)
Cultivation
In India, seeds are sown in (Feb.-) Mar-May (June) in carefully prepared soil, plowed and cross plowed 5 or 6 times, clay soils requiring more plowing. Cow dung and wood ashes are applied as manure. Rotted water hyacinth or its ashes may also be applied. Seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow. When soils are moist, seeds may germinate in 2-3 days. If germination is bad, replowing and resowing is recommended. Starting at 8-25 cm tall, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake 3 to 4 times, and weeded 2 to 3 times. After the final weeding, plants are spaced at 10-15 by 15 cm. Highest yields were obtained (ca 3000 kg/ha) with 80 kg/N compared to 1700 per ha in unfertilized controls.
Harvesting
In India, usually harvested Aug-Sept, when ca 50% of the plants are in pods, but earlier if floods threaten. Plants are cut close to the ground with sickles. Cut plants are tied into bundles, left to dry 2-4 days and shed their leaves. The jute is retted usually in stagnant water. After retting, the bundles are beat on the root end with a mallet to start the fibers which are wrapped around the fingers and the stems are jerked back and forth in the water to separate the fibers.
Yields and Economics
Fiber yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fiber representing ca 6% of the green weight. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped. Rice yielded 5650 kg/ha following the intercropping and, potatoes yielded 13,600 kg/ha following the rice (ICAR, 1973). Seed yields run 200-350 kg/ha, usually lower in C. olitorus than in capsularis.
Energy
Assuming the fiber yields are 6% of green weight, annual green weight productivity ranges from 13 to 42 MT/ha, with genetic potential of 67 MT. Assuming 80% moisture, this translates to 2.6-13.4 MT DM. ICAR (1973) reports DM yields of ca 10 MT near Barrackpore corresponding roughly to an uptake of 75 kg N, 4 5 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O, 115 kg CaO, and 35 kg MgO.
Biotic Factors
Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect 50-90% of a jute population, but spraying with copper oxychloride at 0.5% strength checked the spread, holding it to 5-10% (ICAR, 1973). Thangavel et al (1974) found that this species was badly infested by 3 species of weevils (Myllocerus spp.) while C. capsularis was unaffected. The semilooper Anomis sabulifera may stunt the growth, reducing fiber yields by ca 13-32%. The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus may also reduce yields.
**** SARAHMELAMED
www.sarahmelamed.com/2010/07/the-incredible-journey-of-co…
The Incredible Journey of Corchorus Olitorius
by SARAH on JULY 4, 2010
Deep in tropical Africa families ate a nutritious and filling stew from a plant known today as ewedu. Little would they know that this would be the last connection with their homeland before slave traders shipped them away as prized commodities. The slaves carried with them the tiny seeds of Corchorus Olitorius, a plant that sustained them for centuries and would continue to do so in their Diaspora. Along the human chattel lines this modest flower flourished, perhaps symbolizing how African societies could have thrived if they were left alone. The depredation of Africa continued across the continent as the slave trade broadened its ugly hold. Indigenous societies were being destroyed before they had a chance to fully develop and for many this plant was the last vestige of a culture which would all but disappear.
From the Jungles of Africa to Egypt’s National Dish
Mloukhia as it is known in Egypt has grown there for so long it has become a quintessential Egyptian green. What started as a plant introduced by slaves became the preferred food of the highest echelons of society and it is said even the Pharaoh himself. As the pendulum swings, in modern times it is again the simple food of peasant farmers and is considered by many Egypt’s national dish.
Interestingly, during the reign of the mad Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Mloukhia became illegal along with a long list of other prohibitions. It was treated much like cocaine or marihuana and anyone caught with this contraband would be harshly punished. This is ironic considering how nutritious Mloukhia is, high in vitamin C and B, beta-carotene, magnesium and iron. It is also beneficial in controlling symptoms of diabetes and high cholesterol.
From Africa and Beyond
With trade, migration and exploration Mloukhia found its way across the globe and became an important agricultural product in India and adjacent countries. Unlike Egypt it was not grown as an edible plant but to produce burlap, a fabric made from jute fibers of C. Olitorius. It adapted incredibly well to the hot climate of Asia and became an important economic crop. Since the introduction of nylon and polypropylene, burlap lost a large share of the market. However, renewed interest in biodegradable fibers for such uses as erosion control has once again increased international sales of this product.
Mloukhia and the Western Palate
It is considered a much loved dish in many parts of the world including the Levant, Philippines and even Japan, where they use it for medicinal tea. Jews of Sephardic heritage are also very fond of mloukhia as the name Jew’s mallow indicates. In the United States, and other western nations, mlouhkia is unknown except within certain communities.
It’s mucilaginous texture, highly prized by some, is often disliked by those who have never encountered it before. It is described in terms that are not common in cookery books and better fitted to the medical lexicon.
Coming from the United States, I tasted Mloukhia for the first time several years ago and it did not disappoint. It was more viscous than I ever thought possible in a vegetable. Research has indicated that the plant component producing the texture may have uses as a food additive much the same way guar gum is used today.
Mloukhia is an important local crop in Africa, the Middle East and a few Asian countries and should not be replaced by introduced species. It continues to be grown or harvested in many areas of Africa where it is easily grown without the need for intensive agricultural intervention. Its high nutritional profile and ease of growth makes it an ideal plant to grow in its indigenous area or climates compatible to it. Sustainable agriculture is based on using local plants for preserving not only the ecology but the culture tied with it.
In addition, there are areas where this plant grows abundantly in the wild but neglected as an edible crop. In these cases, education may help to increase food sources with a minimum of effort and finance.
Mloukhia is an acquired taste which I have not yet achieved. The traditional way of preparing it is as a soup or cooked together with lamb. Here is another way inspired by Cafe Liz’s sweet potato and mloukhia ravioli. I used egg pasta consisting of 3 cups duram bread flour and 2 cups fine semolina flour. The filling consisted of a mixture of cooked mloukhia that had been squeezed dried of moisture mixed with feta and kashkaval cheese. I made a simple olive oil sauce with garlic, chili pepper and crushed coriander. The result did not mask the texture of the mloukhia. As I am extremely impatient with picky eaters who are reluctant to try new things, it annoys me to no end that I have not been able to overcome the mloukhia hurdle.
*** PFAF.ORG
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus%20olitorius
ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 3.5 m (11ft 6in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone 10. It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.It requires moist soil.
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed.
Leaves – raw or cooked[1, 27, 46, 61]. Young leaves are added to salads whilst older leaves are cooked as a pot-herb[2, 183, 269]. High in protein[183]. The dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups[183]. A tea is made from the dried leaves[183]. Immature fruits are added to salads or used as a potherb[183].
Demulcent; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Tonic.
The leaves are demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic[240]. They are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria[240]. A cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength[269]. The seeds are purgative[240]. Injections of olitoriside, an extract from the plant, markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin[269].
Other Uses
Fibre; Wood.
A fibre is obtained from the stems, it is the main source of jute[46, 61, 200] but is considered to be inferior to the fibre obtained from C. capsularis[61]. The fibre is somewhat coarse and is used mainly for sackcloth etc[57]. The stems are harvested when the plant is in flower and are then retted (allowed to begin to rot) so that the fibre can be extracted[171]. This species tends to branch making fibre extraction more difficult[114]. Growing the plants very close together will prevent some of the branching. If used in making paper, the fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then ball milled for 4½ hours. The paper is grey/buff[189]. Fibre yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fibre representing ca 6% of the green weight[269]. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped[269]. The very light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches[158].
Cultivation details
Prefers a very fertile soil and a hot humid climate[169]. Tolerates very wet conditions according to one report[57] whilst another says that it does not tolerate waterlogged soils[169]. Jute is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation between 40 and 429m,an annual average temperature range of 16.8 to 27.5°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269]. Jute is sometimes cultivated for the fibre in its stem and also for its edible leaves[183]. It makes an excellent spinach substitute in areas with hot summers[183]. This species is not hardy in Britain but it can be grown as a half-hardy annual here, though it grows much better in areas that are warmer than typical summers in this country[27]. Some reports say that this plant is an annual whilst one says that it is perennial. Since the plant is not hardy in Britain we can only grow it as an annual. This species is very closely related to C. capsularis
Propagation
Seed – sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in late spring, after the last expected frosts[200]. In areas with hot summers it should be possible to sow the seed in situ in mid spring.
**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINE PLANTS
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Leaves and seedpods of Corchorus olitorius …Trái và lá của cây rau Äay trái dà i …
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Äay trái dà i.
English names : Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jew’s Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African Sorrel
Scientist name : Corchorus olitorius L.
Synonyms :
Family : Tiliaceae. Há» Äay ( Há» Cò Ke )
Searched from :
**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
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Sợi vá» thân cây Ä‘ay có đặc tÃnh hút ẩm mạnh, là nguyên liệu tốt để dệt bao Ä‘ay, vải Ä‘ay, dây Ä‘ay. Dùng hà ng dệt bằng Ä‘ay để đóng gói hà ng hóa, có Æ°u Ä‘iểm phòng ẩm, khô ráo, nếu dùng để Ä‘á»±ng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c, muối, Ä‘Æ°á»ng, xi măng… Ä‘á»u rất thÃch hợp. Còn nhÆ° mái nhà kho, tÆ°á»ng viện bảo tà ng, thÆ° viện được trang trà bằng vải Ä‘ay sẽ có tác dụng phòng ẩm. Vải Ä‘ay cho thêm dầu lanh, chế tạo thà nh vải dầu, là thứ không thể thiếu được trên tà u thuyá»n. Sợi Ä‘ay dá»… nhuá»™m, thÆ°á»ng dùng để dệt vải bạt, thảm trải sà n nhà , đồng thá»i có thể dệt há»—n hợp vá»›i bông, len thà nh vải vóc may mặc. Hạt Ä‘ay chÆ°a 14% dầu, có thể là m dầu dùng trong công nghiệp và y dược. Rá»… Ä‘ay, vụn Ä‘ay có thể dùng là m nguyên liệu sản xuất giấy. Lá Ä‘ay non có thể dùng là m rau ăn. Lá già ngâm trong ruá»™ng nÆ°á»›c vừa có thể là m cho đất tốt hÆ¡n, vừa có thể phòng trừ sâu hại.
**** WIKI TIẾNG VIỆT
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SỠdụng
[sá»a]Lấy sợi
Xem bà i chÃnh Sợi Ä‘ay
Các loà i trong chi Corchorus thá»a mãn má»™t lượng lá»›n nhu cầu của thế giá»›i vá» sợi. Sợi từ các loà i Ä‘ay là sợi thá»±c váºt phổ biến hà ng thứ hai sau sợi bông.
[sá»a]Thá»±c phẩm
Lá non của má»™t và i loà i Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng là m rau ăn; Ä‘ay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius) được sá» dụng chủ yếu tại miá»n nam châu Ã, Ai Cáºp và Cyprus, Ä‘ay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis) tại Nháºt Bản và Trung Quốc. Chúng có kết cấu nhầy (nhá»›t), tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± nhÆ° ở Ä‘áºu bắp, khi nấu ăn. Hạt được sá» dụng là m hÆ°Æ¡ng liệu, và má»™t loại trà thảo má»™c được sản xuất từ lá Ä‘ay khô. Rau Ä‘ay cÅ©ng được sá» dụng tại Ai Cáºp; má»™t số ngÆ°á»i còn cho rằng nó là món ăn quốc gia trong ẩm thá»±c Ai Cáºp. Nó cÅ©ng là món ăn đặc trÆ°ng trong ẩm thá»±c Lebanon, Palestine, Syria và Jordan. Má»™t món ăn Ä‘iển hình của khu vá»±c nà y là rau Ä‘ay hầm ăn cùng cÆ¡m và thịt gà luá»™c. Tại Việt Nam, rau Ä‘ay chủ yếu dùng nấu canh (vá»›i cua, tôm tép), đôi khi vá»›i mồng tÆ¡i hoặc mÆ°á»›p.
Tháng 9 năm 2007, Sizzler’s, má»™t chuá»—i nhà hà ng Mỹ, bán Molokhiya cookies (bánh bÃch quy ngá»t) vá»›i rau Ä‘ay là thà nh phần đặc trÆ°ng, tại khu vá»±c Shinjuku ở Tokyo, Nháºt Bản.
Lá Ä‘ay già u betacaroten, sắt, canxi, vitamin C. Các loà i Ä‘ay có tÃnh hoạt hóa chống ôxi hóa vá»›i má»™t lượng đáng kể tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
**** TUETINHLIENHOA.COM
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- Cân phân biệt vá»›i cây rau Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius Linn) thuá»™c há» Tiliaceae. Äó là cây thảo cứng, cao Ä‘á»™ 1-2m. Thân mà u Ä‘á» nâu Ãt phân nhánh. Lá hình bầu dục nhá»n, tù hay tròn ở gốc, có gân ở trên các gân mặt dÆ°á»›i lá, sau nhẵn, mép khÃa răng Ä‘á»u đặn, răng nhá»n, hai răng ở gốc lá thÆ°á»ng kéo dà i thà nh hai lông dà i 3-5 gân gốc, lá kèm hình dãi dà i mảnh, cuống lá mảnh. Hoa nhá» mà u và ng má»c ở kẽ lá. Quả nang dà i, hình trụ, có 6 sống dá»c. Hạt hình quả lê. Cây ra hoa quanh năm chủ yếu có hoa và o mùa thu và quả và o mùa đông. Cây được trồng để lấy sợi là m bao tải. Kinh nghiệm dân gian lấy ngá»n non dùng tÆ°Æ¡i hoặc thu hái hạt phÆ¡i khô. Khi dùng để giải nhiệt hoặc lợi sữa hoặc nhuáºn trÆ°á»ng, lấy chừng 100-200gr ngá»n non nấu ăn hà ng ngà y. Còn chữa hen suyá»…n, dùng 10-20gr hạt khô sao và ng sắc uống vá»›i xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p lúc còn nóng ngà y 2 lần.
**** VHO.VN. : THUá»C TRỢ TIM
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Cây Ä‘ay có hai loà i Ä‘á»u là cây trồng: Äay quả dà i (Corchorus olitorius L.), tên khác là rau Ä‘ay, Ä‘ay tÃa, Ä‘ay tây, Ä‘ay rừng, ngÆ°á»i Tà y gá»i là phjăc slênh, được dùng là m rau ăn và là m thuốc. Äay quả tròn (Corchorus capsularis L.), tên khác là đay trắng, Ä‘ay lụa, Ä‘ay ta, ngÆ°á»i Thái gá»i là co dệt, chỉ cho sợi để dệt bao túi.
Lá Ä‘ay quả dà i chứa Ca 498mg%, P 93mg%, Fe 3,8mg%, K 650mg%, acid oxalic 870mg%, vitamin B1 0,24mg%, vitamin B2 0,76mg%, vitamin C 168mg%, vitamin A 7.940 Ä‘Æ¡n vị, vitamin E 141. Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i có nhiá»u glycosid khác nhau, nhÆ°ng chủ yếu là corchorosid và olitorisid.
Vá» mặt thuốc, lá Ä‘ay quả dà i (rau Ä‘ay) 30-50g, nấu canh ăn có tác dụng tăng tiết sữa. Sau khi đẻ, tuần đầu tiên, phụ nữ ăn canh rau Ä‘ay Ä‘á»u đặn trong bữa cÆ¡m hằng ngà y. Những tuần sau, má»—i tuần ăn hai lần. Rau Ä‘ay 100g phối hợp vá»›i rau mồng tÆ¡i 50g, khoai sá» 2 củ, rá»a sạch, thái nhá», nấu ăn trong ngà y là thuốc mát, nhuáºn trà ng chữa táo bón. Dùng 2-3 ngà y. Äá»… chữa rắn cắn, nhân dân thÆ°á»ng dùng ngá»n rau Ä‘ay vá»›i nõn chuối tiêu, dây kim cang, giã nhá», thêm nÆ°á»›c, gạn uống, bã đắp.
Hạt thu hái từ quả đay già , phơi hoặc sấy khô. Khi dùng, để sống hoặc sao qua. Tuệ Tĩnh (Nam dược thần hiệu) đã dùng hạt đay quả dà i thay vị đình lịch vì có tác dụng lợi tiểu mạnh chữa bệnh cổ trướng, phối hợp với các vị thuốc khác trong bà i thuốc sau:
Hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, sao; vá» rá»… dâu 24g, tẩm máºt sao; trần bì lâu năm 12g; gừng sống 3 lát. Tất cả thái nhá», sắc vá»›i 400ml nÆ°á»›c còn 100ml, uống là m hai lần trong ngà y.
Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 12g, giã nát, sao; xÆ¡ mÆ°á»›p 20g, băm nhá», sao. Hai thứ trá»™n Ä‘á»u, sắc uống là m hai lần trong ngà y, chữa hen suyá»…n. Äể chữa trà n dịch mà ng phổi, lấy hạt Ä‘ay quả dà i 8g; ý dÄ© 16g; tỳ giải, má»™c thông, huyá»n sâm, thổ phục linh, bách bá»™, má»—i vị 12g; hạt bìm bìm biếc, rá»… cá» tranh, hạt mã Ä‘á», má»—i vị 8g. Sắc uống ngà y má»™t thang.
Những năm gần đây, các nhà khoa há»c đã nghiên cứu tác dụng dược lý của chất olitorisid và thấy có hoạt tÃnh trợ tim cao, là m tăng sức co cÆ¡ tim và giảm nhịp tim gần giống hoạt tÃnh sinh há»c của strophantin (hoạt chất đặc hiệu vá»›i bệnh tim của cây sừng dê). Olitorisid đã được Ä‘Æ°a và o má»™t há»—n hợp ổn định có tác dụng trên tim và được đặt tên là Daicosid. Từ đó, thuốc được bà o chế dÆ°á»›i dạng viên 1mg và thuốc tiêm 0,33mg dùng để trợ tim vá»›i hiệu quả Ä‘iá»u trị cao.
Theo tà i liệu nước ngoà i, lá đay quả dà i được dùng là m thuốc bổ, an thần, lợi tiểu. Hạt là thuốc tẩy chữa táo bón.
Tác giả: DS. Äá»— Huy BÃch
Nguồn: Báo sức khá»e & Äá»i sống Online ngà y 8/8/2007
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**** HORT PURDUE.EDU
www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitori…
Corchorus olitorius L.
Tiliaceae
Nalta jute, Tussa jute
Source: James A. Due. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished
Uses
While perhaps better known as a fiber crop, jute is also a medicinal "vegetable", eaten from Tanganyika to Egypt. Dried leaves were given me by an Egyptian friend who had brought them with him to this country. They are used in soups under the Arabic name "Molukhyia." In India the leaves and tender shoots are eaten. The dried material is there known as "nalita." Injections of olitoriside markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin.
Folk Medicine
Reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussa jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
Chemistry
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 43-58 calories, 80.4-84.1 g H2O, 4.5-5.6 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 7.6-12.4 g total carbohydrate, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4 g ash, 266-366 mg Ca, 97-122 mg P, 7.2-7.7 mg Fe, 12 mg Na, 444 mg K, 6,410-7,850 ug beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15 mg thiamine, 0.26- 0.53 mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2 mg niacin, and 53-80 mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The folic acid content is substantially higher than that of other folacin-rich vegetables, ca 800 micrograins per 100 g (ca 75% moisture) or ca 3200 micrograms on a zero moisture basis (Chen and Saad, 1981). The seeds contain 11.3-14.8% oil (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), reportedly estrogenic (Sharaf et al, 1979), which contains 16.9% palmitic-, 3.7% stearic-, 1.8% behenic-, 1.1% lignoceiic-, 9.1% oleic-, 62.5% linoleic-, and 0.9% linolenic- acids as well as large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn.
Toxicity
Contains HCN and several cardiac glycosides. Negm et al (1980) report the LD50 of tissue extracts to mice. The "lethal dose" of Corchoroside A to cats is 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B 0.059-0.1413, but some authors say that Corchoroside A is twice as active as Corchoroside B.
Description
Annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall; stems glabrous. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicles 1-3, very short. Sepals ca 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Style short; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).
Germplasm
Reported from the African, Hindustani, and China-Japan Centers of Diversity, tussa jute, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate disease, fungi, high pH, laterite, limestone, and salt (Duke, 1978). Several cvs are discussed in the Annual Reports of the Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR, 1973, 1975). (2n = 14, 28)
Distribution
Rather pantropical in distribution, perhaps more often a weed than a cultivar. Considered a serious weed in Australia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, and Thailand, a principal weed in the Sudan, and a common weed in Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Nepal, Turkey, and Zambia (Holm et al, 1979). Systematic attempts have been made to grow jute in West Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, Java, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
Ecology
Ranging from Warm Temperate Thorn through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tussa jute is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.0 to 42.9 dm (mean of 15 cases = 18), annual temperature of 16.8 to 27.5°C (mean of 15 cases = 23.8), and pH of 4.5 to 8.2 (mean of 13 cases = 6.5). (Duke, 1978, 1979)
Cultivation
In India, seeds are sown in (Feb.-) Mar-May (June) in carefully prepared soil, plowed and cross plowed 5 or 6 times, clay soils requiring more plowing. Cow dung and wood ashes are applied as manure. Rotted water hyacinth or its ashes may also be applied. Seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow. When soils are moist, seeds may germinate in 2-3 days. If germination is bad, replowing and resowing is recommended. Starting at 8-25 cm tall, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake 3 to 4 times, and weeded 2 to 3 times. After the final weeding, plants are spaced at 10-15 by 15 cm. Highest yields were obtained (ca 3000 kg/ha) with 80 kg/N compared to 1700 per ha in unfertilized controls.
Harvesting
In India, usually harvested Aug-Sept, when ca 50% of the plants are in pods, but earlier if floods threaten. Plants are cut close to the ground with sickles. Cut plants are tied into bundles, left to dry 2-4 days and shed their leaves. The jute is retted usually in stagnant water. After retting, the bundles are beat on the root end with a mallet to start the fibers which are wrapped around the fingers and the stems are jerked back and forth in the water to separate the fibers.
Yields and Economics
Fiber yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fiber representing ca 6% of the green weight. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped. Rice yielded 5650 kg/ha following the intercropping and, potatoes yielded 13,600 kg/ha following the rice (ICAR, 1973). Seed yields run 200-350 kg/ha, usually lower in C. olitorus than in capsularis.
Energy
Assuming the fiber yields are 6% of green weight, annual green weight productivity ranges from 13 to 42 MT/ha, with genetic potential of 67 MT. Assuming 80% moisture, this translates to 2.6-13.4 MT DM. ICAR (1973) reports DM yields of ca 10 MT near Barrackpore corresponding roughly to an uptake of 75 kg N, 4 5 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O, 115 kg CaO, and 35 kg MgO.
Biotic Factors
Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect 50-90% of a jute population, but spraying with copper oxychloride at 0.5% strength checked the spread, holding it to 5-10% (ICAR, 1973). Thangavel et al (1974) found that this species was badly infested by 3 species of weevils (Myllocerus spp.) while C. capsularis was unaffected. The semilooper Anomis sabulifera may stunt the growth, reducing fiber yields by ca 13-32%. The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus may also reduce yields.
**** SARAHMELAMED
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The Incredible Journey of Corchorus Olitorius
by SARAH on JULY 4, 2010
Deep in tropical Africa families ate a nutritious and filling stew from a plant known today as ewedu. Little would they know that this would be the last connection with their homeland before slave traders shipped them away as prized commodities. The slaves carried with them the tiny seeds of Corchorus Olitorius, a plant that sustained them for centuries and would continue to do so in their Diaspora. Along the human chattel lines this modest flower flourished, perhaps symbolizing how African societies could have thrived if they were left alone. The depredation of Africa continued across the continent as the slave trade broadened its ugly hold. Indigenous societies were being destroyed before they had a chance to fully develop and for many this plant was the last vestige of a culture which would all but disappear.
From the Jungles of Africa to Egypt’s National Dish
Mloukhia as it is known in Egypt has grown there for so long it has become a quintessential Egyptian green. What started as a plant introduced by slaves became the preferred food of the highest echelons of society and it is said even the Pharaoh himself. As the pendulum swings, in modern times it is again the simple food of peasant farmers and is considered by many Egypt’s national dish.
Interestingly, during the reign of the mad Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Mloukhia became illegal along with a long list of other prohibitions. It was treated much like cocaine or marihuana and anyone caught with this contraband would be harshly punished. This is ironic considering how nutritious Mloukhia is, high in vitamin C and B, beta-carotene, magnesium and iron. It is also beneficial in controlling symptoms of diabetes and high cholesterol.
From Africa and Beyond
With trade, migration and exploration Mloukhia found its way across the globe and became an important agricultural product in India and adjacent countries. Unlike Egypt it was not grown as an edible plant but to produce burlap, a fabric made from jute fibers of C. Olitorius. It adapted incredibly well to the hot climate of Asia and became an important economic crop. Since the introduction of nylon and polypropylene, burlap lost a large share of the market. However, renewed interest in biodegradable fibers for such uses as erosion control has once again increased international sales of this product.
Mloukhia and the Western Palate
It is considered a much loved dish in many parts of the world including the Levant, Philippines and even Japan, where they use it for medicinal tea. Jews of Sephardic heritage are also very fond of mloukhia as the name Jew’s mallow indicates. In the United States, and other western nations, mlouhkia is unknown except within certain communities.
It’s mucilaginous texture, highly prized by some, is often disliked by those who have never encountered it before. It is described in terms that are not common in cookery books and better fitted to the medical lexicon.
Coming from the United States, I tasted Mloukhia for the first time several years ago and it did not disappoint. It was more viscous than I ever thought possible in a vegetable. Research has indicated that the plant component producing the texture may have uses as a food additive much the same way guar gum is used today.
Mloukhia is an important local crop in Africa, the Middle East and a few Asian countries and should not be replaced by introduced species. It continues to be grown or harvested in many areas of Africa where it is easily grown without the need for intensive agricultural intervention. Its high nutritional profile and ease of growth makes it an ideal plant to grow in its indigenous area or climates compatible to it. Sustainable agriculture is based on using local plants for preserving not only the ecology but the culture tied with it.
In addition, there are areas where this plant grows abundantly in the wild but neglected as an edible crop. In these cases, education may help to increase food sources with a minimum of effort and finance.
Mloukhia is an acquired taste which I have not yet achieved. The traditional way of preparing it is as a soup or cooked together with lamb. Here is another way inspired by Cafe Liz’s sweet potato and mloukhia ravioli. I used egg pasta consisting of 3 cups duram bread flour and 2 cups fine semolina flour. The filling consisted of a mixture of cooked mloukhia that had been squeezed dried of moisture mixed with feta and kashkaval cheese. I made a simple olive oil sauce with garlic, chili pepper and crushed coriander. The result did not mask the texture of the mloukhia. As I am extremely impatient with picky eaters who are reluctant to try new things, it annoys me to no end that I have not been able to overcome the mloukhia hurdle.
*** PFAF.ORG
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus%20olitorius
ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 3.5 m (11ft 6in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone 10. It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.It requires moist soil.
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed.
Leaves – raw or cooked[1, 27, 46, 61]. Young leaves are added to salads whilst older leaves are cooked as a pot-herb[2, 183, 269]. High in protein[183]. The dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups[183]. A tea is made from the dried leaves[183]. Immature fruits are added to salads or used as a potherb[183].
Demulcent; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Tonic.
The leaves are demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic[240]. They are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria[240]. A cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength[269]. The seeds are purgative[240]. Injections of olitoriside, an extract from the plant, markedly improve cardiac insufficiencies and have no cumulative attributes; hence, it can serve as a substitute for strophanthin[269].
Other Uses
Fibre; Wood.
A fibre is obtained from the stems, it is the main source of jute[46, 61, 200] but is considered to be inferior to the fibre obtained from C. capsularis[61]. The fibre is somewhat coarse and is used mainly for sackcloth etc[57]. The stems are harvested when the plant is in flower and are then retted (allowed to begin to rot) so that the fibre can be extracted[171]. This species tends to branch making fibre extraction more difficult[114]. Growing the plants very close together will prevent some of the branching. If used in making paper, the fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then ball milled for 4½ hours. The paper is grey/buff[189]. Fibre yields run ca 800-1600 kg/ha with exceptional cases of 2400 in India, and genetic potential of 4000 kg/ha, the fibre representing ca 6% of the green weight[269]. Intercropped with Vigna, jute has yielded 3270 kg compared to 2290 monocropped[269]. The very light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches[158].
Cultivation details
Prefers a very fertile soil and a hot humid climate[169]. Tolerates very wet conditions according to one report[57] whilst another says that it does not tolerate waterlogged soils[169]. Jute is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation between 40 and 429m,an annual average temperature range of 16.8 to 27.5°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269]. Jute is sometimes cultivated for the fibre in its stem and also for its edible leaves[183]. It makes an excellent spinach substitute in areas with hot summers[183]. This species is not hardy in Britain but it can be grown as a half-hardy annual here, though it grows much better in areas that are warmer than typical summers in this country[27]. Some reports say that this plant is an annual whilst one says that it is perennial. Since the plant is not hardy in Britain we can only grow it as an annual. This species is very closely related to C. capsularis
Propagation
Seed – sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in late spring, after the last expected frosts[200]. In areas with hot summers it should be possible to sow the seed in situ in mid spring.
**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINE PLANTS
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Buds and flower of Corchorus olitorius ... Nụ và hoa của cây rau Äay trái dà i ...
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